Literary Criticism of The Namesake - 8108 Words

Gogols Namesake: Identity and Relationships in Jhumpa Lahiris The Namesake Author: Judith Caesar Allusions to Nikolai V. Gogol and his short story The Overcoat permeate Jhumpa Lahiris novel The Namesake, beginning with Gogols being the name the protagonist is called through most of the book. Yet few of the reviewers of the novel mentioned Nikolai Gogol at all in their discussions of the novel, except to describe the protagonist Gogols loathing of his name, or to quote without comment or explanation Dostoevskis famous line, We all came out of Gogols Overcoat. So far, no one has looked beyond the surfaces to examine the significance of the allusions to Gogol that are so much a part of the fabric of Lahiris novel. Without the†¦show more content†¦He becomes a new man, noticing women, for instance, when before he would forget where he was while crossing the street. As he is coming back from this uncharacteristic outing, his overcoat is stolen. When he reports the loss to a local dignitary (on his co-workers advice--no idea is his own), he is bullied and insulted for his temerity in approaching such an important person. Tellingly, the Very Important Person demands, Do you realize, sir, who you are talking to? (Gogol 263), as if he didnt know who he was himself, without its being reconfirmed by others fear of him. Exposed to the cold once again, the overcoatless Akaky then catches a fever and dies, but this is not the end of the story. Shortly after Akakys death, a living corpse who looks like Akaky begins haunting the same square in which Akaky was robbed, but this time as a stealer of overcoats rather than as a victim. One of this Akakys victims is the same Very Important Person who bu llied him, who had been mildly regretting his harshness, and who is now frightened into real repentance. The last we hear of Akaky and his ghost is when a policeman sees a burly man whom he takes to be the ghostly overcoat thief, accosts him, and finds instead a man who is clearly not Akaky, but may be the original thief who robbed him. Its a strange story, suggesting very non-American ideas about identity and the undesirability of having a fixed identity. The overcoat that Akaky buys atShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn Literary Criticism1498 Words   |  6 PagesIn Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain portrays his main character and the novel’s namesake, a deeply complex individual, even as a child. He has obvious abandonment issues and continues to struggle with finding his place in society. Huck starts by trying to fit in with Tom and a band of young boys, but eventually finds true companionship in a slave named Jim. Huck continues in his struggles as his moral beliefs conflict with the moral beliefs of the society of his time. This conflict comes from Huck beingRead MoreThe Role of Women in Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essay2493 Words   |  10 Pagesout of life (Joyce 434). They deliver the raw experience he transforms and refines into art. The key to understanding the relationship between women, sex, experience, and creation lies in Stephens association of himself with his mythological namesake, Daedalus. By establishing a link between himself and the ancient inventor, he makes apparent the parallel elements of their two stories -- punishment, falling, women -- and their relationship to his own artistic creation. Pasiphae, wife of KingRead MoreThe Spectrum Of Human Nature Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesBlair Hu Dr. Madon Literary Explorations III 25 October 2016 The Spectrum of Human Nature Iago, the main villain of William Shakespeare’s Othello, is a manipulative mastermind, able to weave an intricate web of lies that eventually leads to the death of the namesake of the play, Othello. Iago provides a multitude of rationales which explain his motivations for his deeds through sprawling soliloquies, such as the suspicion that Othello might be sleeping with his wife, Emilia, or that Othello deniesRead MoreEssay about Immortal Ideas In A Worn Path2029 Words   |  9 Pagesparticipate in their system (Moberly 123). Only after the nurse asks if her grandson is dead does she speak up and blame the silence on her old age, memory, and ignorance. She had to swallow her pride to get the medicine to protect her â€Å"mythological namesake† (Moberly 123). Phoenix knows how to handle herself in any situation due to her age, wisdom, and lifetimes of accumulated wisdom. On the surface Phoenix Jackson is making the hard trip into town to get medicine for her grandson who swallowedRead More Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird2536 Words   |  11 PagesMythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all the various approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest impact over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, andRead MoreOthello, The Shakespearean Tragedy Of Great Eclat2570 Words   |  11 Pagescaptured the recognition of many spectators, readers, and observers. Fascinated by the popular analysis, and multiplex of themes, ranging from jealousy and love, or perhaps honor and betrayal, Othello has become intrinsic to the way one lucubrates the literary and theatrical arts, and has become indispensible in understanding Shakespearean literature. However, taking the analysis further than the ostentatious front put on by Shakespeare, one can distinguish a more malig nant warrant to Othello s attractivenessRead More Use of Imagery in Jean Toomers Cane Essay2438 Words   |  10 PagesGeorgia Dusk captures the essence of that violence masked beneath a celebratory song of men finished with work and singing through the footpaths of the swamp (15). In quick succession Toomer gives us Fern and Esther, two stories whose namesakes further illuminate the problem of identity highlighted in images of dusk. Both are aloof and solitary figures, one existing for the sake of her beauty, the other forgotten and nearly invisible in her self-created world of obsession and fantasy (ChaseRead MoreTheodor Geisel2528 Words   |  11 Pagesconquer entire pages, and he realized graduate school was simply not for him. In the short time spent there, though, he met Helen Palmer, and fell in love. The two were married in 1927, and throughout their relationship she supported his artistic and literary career, and helped him create films and write books (21-27). Helen and Theodor Geisel moved to New York City, and Geisel’s career flourished there. His fist success was as a cartoonist for Judge magazine. Following a cartoon which jokingly featuredRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pagesturn-of-the-millennium terms. The London upper-class wife Clarissa Dalloway receiving illustrious guests in the evening is the model for Clarissa Vaughan giving a small party for her friend Richard, who has just won the Carrouthers Prize in recognition of his literary merits. It was also Richards idea to name her after a great figure in literature, Mrs. Dalloway, on the one hand, because of her existing first name and, on the other hand, because he thought that she was destined to charm, to prosper (10-11)Read MoreLiterary Analysis: Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston Essay1974 Words   |  8 Pagesback against her Grandmother for all of her rules. Although she means her no harm, the act itself is literally taking a dominant hand to her Grandmother. This act of empowerment proves that little Isis Watts is more than capable of living up to her namesake. The white couple brings another interesting twist to the story. Susan Meisenhelder finds the white couple’s response to Isis condescending, â€Å"blind to her internal aspirations and frustration they see her only as ‘Isis the Joyful’, the carefree

Perception and Decision Making Essay - 1106 Words

Perception and Decision Making Individuals with in organizations have to make important decisions everyday, the choices they make greatly effects their outcomes. How individuals in organizations make decisions and the quality of their final choices are largely influenced by their perceptions. During this examination of the role of perception in the decision making process, we will be discussing the meaning of perception and how an individual’s perception of others can impact an organization’s behavior. We will also look at the positive and negative effects of using perception short cuts when judging others. Finally, we will analyze how decisions in real world organizations are made, and how our perceptions shape ethical or moral†¦show more content†¦For example, selective perception, the halo effect, contrast effects, projection, and stereo typing are all types of perceptive shortcuts. Although these many shortcuts can sometimes prove to be helpful, they also can result in negative effects. One perceptive shortcut is selective perception, which allows individuals to speed read others; however, they are at risk of drawing an inaccurate pictures of people. The halo effect is another perception shortcut that like selective perception has negative effects along with the positives. The halo effect is described as being when we get a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single trait. The problem with this is that a person’s abilities are not based on only one trait but many traits (Robbins, 2005). The tendency to assume other people share the same characteristics as ones self is called projection. This has a negative effect on a manager’s perception of their employees because they compromise their ability to respond to individual differences (Robbins, 2005). This will also negatively effect how team members work together to successfully accomplish their tasks. Another perceptive shortcut, stereotyping, can have advantages as well as many problems. One advantage of using stereotypes is that they can improve decision making by simplifying the number of individuals to choose from and focusing on a group. The problem with usingShow MoreRelatedPerception and Individual Decision-Making1619 Words   |  7 PagesPerception and Individual decision-making (Robertson) Perception Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not reality itself. Factors that influence it Attribution theory The attributionRead MoreThe Roles of Perception in the Decision-Making Process1242 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative choices can cause failure. Perception plays a very important role in the choices individuals make. People make decisions every day, every hour and every minute based on the perceptions they interpret. Perception can cause several people to make wrong choices based on false information. In an organization incorrect decisions can cause a great deal of negative effects. This paper will demonstrate how important it is to understand perception, how a person’s perception of other impact an organization’sRead MorePerception and Individual Decision Making Mcqs7335 Words   |  30 PagesChapter 5 Perception and Individual Decision Making MULTIPLE CHOICE What is Perception? 1. What is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment? a. interpretation b. environmental analysis c. social verification d. outlook e. perception (e; Easy; Perception; p. 139) 2. What is the relationship between what one perceives and objective reality? a. They are the same. b. They can be substantially different. cRead MoreThe Role of Perception in the Decision-Making Process Essay2072 Words   |  9 PagesThe Role of Perception in the Decision-Making ProcessWhat is perception? How can a persons perception of others impact an organizations behavior? What are the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts when judging others? How are decisions in real world organizations actually made? How can our perceptions shape ethical or moral decisions? These are the questions that will be attempted to be answered in this essay. According to Robbins, S. (2005) Perception is a process by whichRead MoreDecision Making Process From A Manager s Perception1776 Words   |  8 PagesDecision making process from a manager’s perception Referring to the book â€Å"Management† by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, (2012) the author states that a manager plays number of roles in an organization, including planning, organizing, leading and organizing. With all of these he has to make and implement decisions for the success of said organization. Vesper used in Robbins, et al. (2012) â€Å"one must understand the importance of making the right decisions to be successful in operating a businessRead MoreThe Psychometric Indicators of Briggs and Myers1489 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Attached Sheet Introduction Katharine cook Briggs and his daughter Isabel Brigg Myers are two of the most well known developers of testing and psychological indicators that are made to analyze the level of perception of an individual and how the individual makes decisions. These are the indications that were used by psychologists for the development of psychometric theories. In this paper, in accordance with the psychometric indicators of Briggs and Myers, some of the main personalityRead MoreSelf Perception Theory1700 Words   |  7 PagesSelf perception Table of contents Serial N ° | List of Contents | Page N ° | 01 | Executive summary | 03 | 02 | Theories | 04 | 03 | Techniques | 05 | 04 | Decision making | 06 | 05 | References | 08 | â€Å"Self perception theory† Executive summary:- Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitiveRead MoreWhat Is Rational And Perceptual Approaches Is Critical For Effective Management?880 Words   |  4 Pagesinundated with decisions ranging from daily operational issues to long-term strategic planning. For instance, developing new products, allocating firm’s resources, creating daily and weekly goals or establishing an advertising campaign. As a result of the rapid changes in the business environment, it is essential that managers understand different decision-making models. These models can range from rationalistic, scientific to less structured, perceptual, intuitive decision-making styles. In disagreementRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism Among British Tourists And How It Affects Their Behavior And Decision Ma king1681 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects their Behavior and Decision-Making Background/Literature Review The tourists’ opinion on a destination is affected by the perceived benefits and costs (Sonmez and Graefe 112). One of the costs apart from expenses such as accommodation and transportation is the risk related to terrorism. With increased terrorist attacks around the world, one can assume that the perceived threat of terrorism at a tourist destination, like the one mentioned above, will result in a perception that views it as a costlyRead MorePerception And Perception Of Perception1727 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween people cause many problems which is relevant to a concept called perception. In this essay, the concept of perception will be described through academic definitions and knowledge also with practical examples. The main objective is to provide readers with a better on what perception is, why it is important to the study of Organization Behaviour (OB) and the effects and implications of it onto managers’ job. Perception is defined as the process in which perceivers give meaning to the things

Outer Space Exploration Free Essays

string(99) " for us but the issues that clearly orbiting around us can make hold or attention for a long time\." Skies The Limit? The exploration of space VS The issues on earth. Aileen Johnson English Composition Introduction We live in a world where there are environmental issues that range from global warming to air pollution. Environmental scientists dedicated themselves by putting years and years into finding a long-term solution for these issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Outer Space Exploration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effects of these issues can potentially be damaging in the next couple of decades so people live I fear of what is to come. This same fear prevents people from thinking outside of the box. We came so far in the mist of our issues that it almost seems unfixable. With new technology today we have various ways for exploring outside our world to find new ways to make life on earth a little easier. Since issues on earth are still in effect, people’s fear of what is to come in the future prevent them from becoming aware of how exploring outside this world in space can actually benefit us all, and how important it is to our planet earth. Although there are many environmental issues on earth, outer exploration should continue to be funded. Outer space exploration may be needed in the future to prevent or solve new issues on earth to come. Oblivious To the Benefits There are many benefits to outer space exploration that people are aware not of. Before I decided to do research I was unaware of the number of things that we actually use today that would have never been possible if we did not explore outer space in the past, that we are going to get into later on is this paper. Imagine you went to the grocery store and spent 300 dollars on food, and you go home, check your pockets, and see the receipt for your purchase of food. Now Imagined the food disappeared or you put the food away and it doesn’t look like as much food as you thought it was. Having spent money on something that you do not really see too much results for can make you regret spending so much money, or prevent you from doing it again. This is the same concept with funding outer space exploration; we see all of the money going into a project like adventure, without seeing the results of this big purchase. Another example is how we can spend money. This example does not count for us individually but as a whole. When we get a lump some of money sometimes it is hard for us not to go crazy and spend everything or most of it. When we do go crazy and spend all of it on little things, eating out all time, clothes, or just small purchases, we get more upset when the money is gone and we have no idea where the money went. That’s the same as spending money on space and not seeing the results from the purchase. Other problems circles around on how important it is to fund outer space exploration. The way we prioritize things in this world can affect our ability to make decisions and limit us to taking risks. For example, tax season come around and we get that nice refund back and think of all the things that we can do with that check. Now lets say that bills and credits card payments are the â€Å"global issues† and house leans and stocks are the â€Å"outer space† exploration. When we receive that that refund we become worriers and we think about all the bills we have to catch up on and what other things we need to pay off. Instead, we can look into investing into stocks and house leans that will benefit us in the future by making us more money overtime. Since people do are so caught up on the current issue, investing into something that doesn’t show results right away, will be last priority. If people do no understand the benefits of outer space exploration they can easily form the decision that it shouldn’t be funded. If they do not know what outer space exploration can do for earth they will find it unnecessary. Knowing the benefits can change the minds of a lot of people who forms these opinions. Sharing with people the benefits of exploring outer space can stop the controversy that it shouldn’t be funded any longer. There are a lot of websites that explain what people do in space, but not many go into detail about how it is beneficial to us on earth, this will mislead people into thinking that it is pointless. Not being aware of these benefits can cause fear in everyone when it comes down to spending money, which lead us to the next topic. Issues on Earth: Distractions and Paranoia The issues we have here on earth distracts the minds of many people causing distractions and paranoia. There is a website that was designed to count in actually time how much money we are spending on war. You can see the numbers go up in actual time. This creates anxiety to people specifically in America because we know that war is one of the major issues we have here on earth. Yes we know that the war is costing a lot of money and its okay that to keep track of that, but the amount of money spent is what people worry about. It is something that is keeping us in debt and some would also agree that the war is a pointless price to pay. When you have an issue as big as this, it scares people in to thinking that anything that we are spending money on now should show clear results from the money we are putting into it. Then we get distracted. With the issues here on earth rising day by day it distracts us. We can be aware of what NASA can do for us but the issues that clearly orbiting around us can make hold or attention for a long time. You read "Outer Space Exploration" in category "Papers" Let me give you an example how distraction and paranoia can be created. 99% percent of Americans watch TV, and there are many of those who watch the news. Imagine you turn on the TV and after your favorites show go of the news come on. You hear about the murders, theft, and car jacking that are going on. This grabs our attention and have us thinking about the high crime rate. Next it’s the poor education systems with high unemployment rate, the big distraction. Our minds are focused now on the issues surrounding us. Next that comes on is the issue that hits us all†¦war. This here is where our paranoia kicks in because not only is this an issue, it is something that is going to make us wonder, where is all the money coming from to support this idea. When we shut the TV off after the news finish we are left with the negative but true issues that are going on. We go to sleep with it in the back of our minds. The next day imagine you watch the morning news and the announcer comes on and say that the president just signed a multi-million dollar approval to invest millions in NASA for exploration of pace, without giving any clear reason on how this investment will benefit earth or the people on it. With the paranoia already build up in our minds and the anxiety from the issues we have yet to solve, investing millions of dollars into a cause that we do not think is necessary at the time can be a lot for us to want to jump up and agree with. N ow that we have this huge issue of spending and being in debt, it forces Americans to â€Å"budget† or limit ourselves. They do not want to fund anything other than what we absolute need because the problems that are obvious like the money we spent on war, are way bigger than the problems that have yet to come, therefore we limit our thinking for now when we can be preparing for the future. Now that we know that by people being oblivious to how outer space exploration can be beneficial and how the money we spend on other issues on earth can make us a little paranoid about what we spend money on; but may be knowing exactly how outer space exploration or â€Å"O. S. E† can actually prevent issues on earth and help us, we can support it rather than oppose it. O. S. E Preventing Issues on Earth Outer space exploration can prevent future problems and help with current issues on earth. When people oppose the idea of funding O. S. E, they tend to forget about the satellites they we have out there. Those very same satellites that would have not existed if it was not for O. S. E in the first place. These satellites are like god to us with the modern technology that we have today and knowing how we benefit from them is important. Satellites in outer space control a lot of things that we can take advantage of according to this article. It helps to predict the weather, GPS navigations and locate other things also. How can predicting the weather help with issues on earth you may ask? Knowing when a snow storm is coming help us to prepare in advance to put salt down on the roads so that people would not slide on ice when there are driving and get into an accident. Knowing when a hurricane is going to hit, let us know to get generators for power and gas for cars, food and water for everyone. Knowing that it is going to be dangerously hot with heat wave ahead lets us know to stay home under the AC rather to drive somewhere far and put ourselves in danger of the heat. All of these issues that can arise on earth, prevented just by simply predicting the weather, and the weather predicted from the help of satellites in outer space. Another benefit that too many people do not know about is that space also provide certain metals used to build aircraft and the same ones are also used in healthcare facilities around the world for medicine. We benefit also from the GPS, saving us time, frustration and gas. This seemingly not a huge issue on earth at the moment until you is in a dangerous situation and need to get somewhere fast; like getting lost in the woods. Also GPS help police locate criminals, crime, and other mobilizing action that can cause danger to civilians. Being able to position a moving target in actual time has helped different people with different careers like aircrafts, ships, soldiers, and the US government. Without satellites the modern careers we have today would not exists, leading us to many issues to run into in the future. Can you imagine the many issues that we would be facing not knowing when a dangerous snowstorm is going to hit? Or getting lost in the middle of knows where without a phone to call 911. Issues like the ones mentioned in the last paragraph are prevented everyday taking somebody somewhere out of a dangerous situation thanks to the satellites that were created through O. S. E. Knowing how the earth orbits the sun helps ups a great deal also. O. S. E helped us to discover other planets they have different resources that we may use in the future once we are able to tap into them. These resources can help us in the future when it is our last resort and we have nothing less. Being able to make use of resources out of planets in space now for the future is important. Why wait for the issue to arise to try and fix it when we can prevent it before it even happens? Think About it. Conclusion Reflect back on how far we can with technology because of discovers we made in outer spaces. All the distractions people see and hear on the news everyday can now become just another issue along with not funding O. S. E. That paranoia that people have that we are wasting money on something that we do not need can now go away, and you can feel at ease knowing the that we benefit a great deal from these explorations. Its like now you know what you are investing in and seeing that the benefits will set us up for the future can help you relax a little and support the cause. Outer space exploration led us to discover such advance technology that we can use today. These same discoveries can help prevent issues on earth. The fact that satellites predict the weather is major. The fact that GPS can locate crime is major. The fact that the same technology helps our troops in combat, in officers on duty is major. These things are all beneficial to us in multiple ways. If outer space exploration wasn’t funded in the first place we would have not have been able to do research to discover these things that we benefit from today in the past we were open to funding this, and in the future that is now the present, we are able to benefit from those explorations. Further research may be able to prevent new problems in the future. Funding O. S. E uses only a tiny fraction of what we spend on war today, yet we benefit from it more than our current biggest investment. We need to think more in the future so that when it gets here we can continue to advance and become affective fixing issues before they come. REFERENCES | | | Baker, David. Scientific American Inventions From Outer Space: Everyday Uses for NASA Technology. New York, NY, 2 McClatchy-Tribune Information services news [Washington] June 7, 2009 Ashford University library. http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Neil, Tyson Author Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2012, Vol. 91 Issue 2, p22-33, 12p of Ashford University Library. http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Steitz, David E. How to cite Outer Space Exploration, Papers

Project Management for Construction and Development- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Construction and Development. Answer: Introduction This report discusses emerging issues in project management. The project management issue discussed in this report is value driven project management. Value-driven project management refers to the management of projects based on the value that the projects generate to the organization. It is important for project managers to ensure that the projects undertaken focus on the value rather than on managing projects for the sake of it. Project management is a growing field and its growth has been mainly fueled by increase in projects in all sectors of the economy. Most organization are undertaking major projects whether they are infrastructural, technological or any other type of project (Vanhoucke, n.d.). Because of the need to manage these projects effectively and ensure successful competition of the projects, organizations have developed the need to seek the services of project managers. Every project has its unique goals and objectives and it is the ultimate role of the project manage r to ensure that the project being undertaken by a particular organization can achieve the predetermined objectives. This, therefore, means project value is at the core of project management and therefore project managers need to focus on project value when managing these projects (Jha, 2011).The value of a particular project depends on the objectives of the project and therefore value must not necessarily be financial or economic. The report gives a detailed narrative of a company in the UAE that has focused on the value of project when managing its various projects within the organization. The organizational structure and project management practices of the chosen organization are also discussed in this report. The current challenges and problems associated with the project management in the organization are also analyzed and recommendations for improvement are highlighted. Review of value-driven projects The value-based project has become popular with project managers. This is because of its result oriented nature which helps project managers to achieve project objectives on a timely basis and hence aid the organization in achieving its overall objectives. Value-based project management is very different from style planning systems. The technique of project management focuses on better decision making across all the sectors within the project. The value-driven management project helps in involving various stakeholders in the management of the project. The value-based management of projects recognizes the top-down command and control structures. Value-based project management focuses on the value that the project is going to generate to the organization. Projected future cash flow from the business is analyzed and compared to the current spending for the project (Fleming Koppelman, 2010). The project manager should set the objectives of the project and design methods that can be used to measure the performance of the project. This helps in determining whether or not the project is meeting its value as targeted in the project plan. Value-based project management is one of the most important emerging aspects of project management (Kerzner Saladis, 2009). Value-based management of projects enables project managers to oversee the project on a continuous basis and always ensure that the project is in line with the objectives. Value-based project management is an integration of value creation mindset with systems and processes of management that are necessary to transform the mindset into real action. The primary objective of the project manager is value optimization. This also involves minimizing costs and ensuring that the project does not incur unnecessary expenses. Organizations also have objectives that are not related to finances. The project manager also has a role in ensuring that these objectives are achieved. Focusing on value maximization does not mean that other objectives will be abandoned since they contribute significantly towards the success of the entire project. Some of the non-financial goals and objectives of an organization include customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction. For a project to be completed successfully while at the same time realizing its value (Sears, 2015).It is very crucial that the project manager ensures that employees are happy and they are delighted. This wil l encourage and motivate them to put extra effort and attention that is important towards the attainment of the objectives of the project. However, it is important that the project manager is careful not to compromise the financial goals/value-based approach to the project while trying to attain the financial objectives of the project. The value of a project can be measured in different ways depending on the nature of the project as well as the goals and objectives targeted by the organization. For example, an IT project by a fast food restaurant at in town will have several objectives. The value of the project will be measured based on this objective. If one of the objectives of the project is to increase customers by offering convenient ordering system and strategic advertising, the value of the project will be measured by the revenue that is directly attributable to the IT project (Lester, 2013). The value of a project undertaken by an NGO to improve food security in particular areas will be measured by the percentage increase in food productivity in the region. In value-based project management, every team member has a role to play in maximizing the value of the project. For example, the procurement manager in the project has a responsibility of procuring high-quality raw materials and other items at the lowest market price. This ensures that the project stays focused on maximizing value by minimizing costs. The project manager and other team members are also responsible for value maximization through minimization of wastage. The value of some projects may be based on the cost per unit of the project, cycle time and defect time (Kerzner, 2015). The value of product development project may be based on the time taken to develop a new product and the number of new products developed through the project. The need for value-based management of the project has increased to the increased competition that leads organizations to invest in projects to maximizing their returns. Companies are also continuously undertaking high-value projects to increase their production capacity. It is very important for these projects to be managed using value-based management technique. This method can focus purely on maximizing the value of the project. This ensures that the project continuously generates high profits and it is highly sustainable. Narrative of the organization The company chosen for analysis in this report is Future Metro LLC. Future Metro is a company in the construction and engineering industry with major operations in UAE and Belarus. The company operates in many other countries such as Venezuela, Colombia and Germany. The company offers high-value consultancy services, engineering and project management services in various Construction sites globally. The core values of Future Metro include; Commitment, Compassion, Respect, Ethics, Affordability and dedication. Future Metro has won numerous global awards as a result of its unique performance in project management in the construction industry. The latest award that the company won is the highly coveted GCC Project of The Year Award. The award was awarded as a result of its work on Lapita Hotel which is located at Dubai Parks and Resorts (Stewart, 2010). The design of the building together with the systems used in the construction of the project was the main basis on which the company wo n the award. Future Metro has undertaken major outstanding projects across UAE. Some of these projects include; Damac Akoya Oxygen 450 Villa`s Polo Residence, Dubai International Airport and Meydan Dubai. The project management methods used by Future Metro are investigated and evaluated to determine the major factors contributing to the success and failure of projects. The current organizational structure of Future Metro is elaborated. The hierarchical structure has a central source of power within the company which is the Board of director of the company. The board of Future Metro is chaired by Mr Abdul Hamid Moukayed and is made up of seven individuals (Chartered Institute of Building (Great Britain), 2010). The company has four executive directors and three non-executive directors. The board of the company is the topmost body that manages the company. The board of management makes major decisions affecting the company. They negotiate and sign deals on behalf of the company. The board of the Future Metro also makes investment decisions and major strategic decisions on behalf of the company. The chairman of the board is very powerful and is very influential in decision making. The managing director is in charge of the administrative section and duties of the company. He oversees the daily running of the companys operations and makes management dec isions on behalf of the company. The managing director also sits on the board, and he acts as the link between the company itself and its owners (Kerzner, 2017). The managing director is based at the companys headquarters at Al Durrah Tower in Sharjah region. The managing director is responsible for the overall performance of the company, and he is the spokesperson for the company. The next positions in the organizational structure are the positions of the Chief operating officer, Chief Financial officer and the Director of operations and project management. These positions have a huge impact on the performance of the company since each of the departments is very critical and therefore proper management is required. The organizational structure of Future Metro is very effective because the roles and powers of each position are defined in the organizational structure. This, therefore, means that there is no struggle for power or influence in the company and each of the office holders can perform their duties with minimum interference from fellow managers or even the board (Wysocki, 2014). The organizational structure of the company has so much impact on the project management of the company. The director of operations and project management oversees the progress of all the projects undertaken by the company in UAE. The director is assisted by Technical managers who are assigned different regions to oversee the management of the projects the company is undertaking in that particular region. Each project that the company is undertaking is supervised by a project manager who is a permanent employee of the company. There are also supervisors who report to the project manager. Every person in the posi tions highlighted above plays a key role in the management of the companys project at one point or the other and hence contributing to the success of most the projects undertaken by the company (Kerzner Saladis, 2009). The current organizational project management practices address the issues of risk and project scheduling. Future Metro has a defined project scope management document. This document defines the objectives of each project while at the same time addressing the limitations and boundary of the project (Building, 2014). The company also has a project time management schedule for each project. This schedule is prepared before the beginning of any project, and it divides tasks and assigns them to different individuals and divisions. The time frame for completion of each task is also stated in the schedule. This helps the company to complete all its projects without delay. The company also assigns the role of cost management to a particular team player to help in keeping the costs incurred in the project at bay. This is very important since it ensures that the project is completed within the estimated budget. The company also puts a lot of emphasis on risk management in projects. Before the beginning of each project, the company engages all experts in its workforce in helping in preparing a risk management plan after risk management procedures have been undertaken. The other project management practice used by Future Metro is that of human resource management and communication management. Difficulties associated with the current project management practices at Future Metro LLC Despite the current project management practices of Future Metro LLC being so successful, there are a variety of problems associated with the project management practices applied by Future Metro. The following are some of the challenges that Future Metro faces when managing its projects: The most common problem is that of undefined goals. The practices may fail to state the goals and objectives of the project. This can be a huge mistake since failure to state and define the goals of a project result carrying out tasks and activities that do not add value to the project. This results in wastage of both human and fiscal resources (Chen, 2010). The failure to define goals may result in changes in design or structures which may end up costing the company huge financial resources. The practices also result in the company having ambiguous contingency plans. It is very crucial for project managers to come up with a clear and workable contingency plans which the original plan will fall on in case something goes wrong. What if scenarios are very important in project management since they provide backup options to the project manager to help overcome handles that the team may face during project implementation phase. This ensures that projects are not delayed as a result of little changes in plan or design. The current practices on the management of project communication at Future Metro are not effective. This is because there has been a series of miscommunication. This can be attributed to lack of communication manager in most of the projects undertaken by the company. The role of communication is performed by the project manager and given that the project manager has many other roles that they are expected to perform, they may fail to perform the communication task with excellence (Kidd, 2009). Poor communication may lead to conflicts within the organization as well as outside stakeholders. Poor communications can also lead to delay in procurement of some items and materials and hence leading to delay in the project. Another challenge that may be brought about by the current organizational project management practices is that the project may get deprived of crucial resources. For a project to be run effectively and efficiently, it is important that all the necessary resources are available on time. The current practices do not allow the company to determine all the resource needs of the projects. This may lead to inconveniences when some resources are not available, yet they are needed in the project (Bahnub, 2010). This challenge may result to compromise in quality standards and re-scheduling of activities due to delays. Lack of Stakeholder engagement is another challenge that may be experienced with the current practices of Future Metro LLC. If some of the stakeholders are not interested in some aspects of the project, they may not contribute adequately the project, and this may interfere with the schedule of the project ( Agarwal, Dhall Tayal, 2011). Recommendations The following are the recommendations that will help to improve the organizational project management of Future Metro. ? The company should employ a communication manager for each project to help improve communication within the company. ? Future Metro needs to involve more stakeholders in defining and stating the project goals and objectives. The contributions of various stakeholders such as project owners and financiers ensure that the project is carried out effectively and every objective of the project is achieved. ? Future Metro should also ensure that the what if options of the company are analyzed, and the best possible back up plans are identified and stated in the contingency plan of the project. ? All department and stakeholders should be involved in determining project needs. This ensures that no project requirement is left out so that once the project begins; everything will be ready and available. ? Risks management should be improved by applying various risk management methods such as risk transfer. Conclusion This report evaluates and analyzes the aspect of Value-based project management. The value-based project management of a project is a technique that is applied in the management of projects by organizations. It focuses on maximizing the value of the project as the main basis for managing the project. The goals and objectives of the project are identified after which the project manager determines the key aspects of the project that maximize the value of the project. Resources are used optimally, and wastage is reduced when this method is used. This report analyzes the project management practices of Future Metro LLC. Future Metro is a company that provides consultancy and project management services in the construction industry in UAE. The report defines the organizational structure of the company and the impact of the organizational structure of project management. The challenges associated with the current organizational project management practices at Future Metro are determined a nd recommendations on future improvement made. References Agarwal, B. B., Dhall, S., Tayal, S. P. (2011). Software Project Management: For B.Tech, M.Tech, Bca, Mca, B.Sc (Comp. Science) And It Professionals. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=88790. Bahnub, B. (2010). Maximize Shareholder Value With Value-Based Project Management. Building, C. I. O. (2014). Code Of Practice For Project Management For Construction And Development. Hoboken, Wiley. Chen, G. (2010). Building Construction: Project Management, Construction Administration, Drawings, Specs, Detailing Tips, Schedules, Checklists, And Secrets Others Don't Tell You. Irvine, Calif, Architeg, Inc. Chartered Institute Of Building (Great Britain). (2010). Code Of Practice For Project Management For Construction And Development. Chichester, U.K., Wiley-Blackwell. Http://Public.Eblib.Com/Choice/Publicfullrecord.Aspx?p=698483. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2010). Earned Value Project Management. Newtown Square, Pa, Project Management Institute. Hossenlopp, R. (2010). Organizational Project Management: Linking Strategy And Projects. Vienna, Va, Managementconcepts. Jha, K. N. (2011). Construction Project Management: Theory And Practice. New Delhi, Dorling Kindersley. Http://Proquest.Safaribooksonline.Com/9789332503373. Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A System Approach To Planning, Scheduling, And Controlling. Kerzner, H. (2015). Project Management 2.0: Leveraging Tools, Distributed Collaboration, And Metrics For Project Success. Kerzner, H., Saladis, F. P. (2009). Value-Driven Project Management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=33918. Kidd, T. T. (2009). Handbook Of Research On Technology Project Management, Planning, And Operations. Hershey, Pa, Information Science Reference. Koller, T. (2015). Valuation: Measuring And Managing The Value Of Companies. John Wiley Sons Inc. Lester, A. (2013). Project Management, Planning And Control. Elsevier Science. Sears, S. K. (2015). Construction Project Management: a Practical Guide To Field Construction Management. Stewart, R. B. (2010). Value Optimization For Project And Performance Management. Chichester, Wiley. Wysocki, R. K. (2014). Effective Complex Project Management: An Adaptive Agile Framework For Delivering Business Value. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=73144. Vanhoucke, M. (n.d.). Integrated Project Management And Control [Recurso Electrnico] First Comes The Theory, Then The Practice.