Literary Criticism of The Namesake - 8108 Words

Gogols Namesake: Identity and Relationships in Jhumpa Lahiris The Namesake Author: Judith Caesar Allusions to Nikolai V. Gogol and his short story The Overcoat permeate Jhumpa Lahiris novel The Namesake, beginning with Gogols being the name the protagonist is called through most of the book. Yet few of the reviewers of the novel mentioned Nikolai Gogol at all in their discussions of the novel, except to describe the protagonist Gogols loathing of his name, or to quote without comment or explanation Dostoevskis famous line, We all came out of Gogols Overcoat. So far, no one has looked beyond the surfaces to examine the significance of the allusions to Gogol that are so much a part of the fabric of Lahiris novel. Without the†¦show more content†¦He becomes a new man, noticing women, for instance, when before he would forget where he was while crossing the street. As he is coming back from this uncharacteristic outing, his overcoat is stolen. When he reports the loss to a local dignitary (on his co-workers advice--no idea is his own), he is bullied and insulted for his temerity in approaching such an important person. Tellingly, the Very Important Person demands, Do you realize, sir, who you are talking to? (Gogol 263), as if he didnt know who he was himself, without its being reconfirmed by others fear of him. Exposed to the cold once again, the overcoatless Akaky then catches a fever and dies, but this is not the end of the story. Shortly after Akakys death, a living corpse who looks like Akaky begins haunting the same square in which Akaky was robbed, but this time as a stealer of overcoats rather than as a victim. One of this Akakys victims is the same Very Important Person who bu llied him, who had been mildly regretting his harshness, and who is now frightened into real repentance. The last we hear of Akaky and his ghost is when a policeman sees a burly man whom he takes to be the ghostly overcoat thief, accosts him, and finds instead a man who is clearly not Akaky, but may be the original thief who robbed him. Its a strange story, suggesting very non-American ideas about identity and the undesirability of having a fixed identity. The overcoat that Akaky buys atShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn Literary Criticism1498 Words   |  6 PagesIn Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain portrays his main character and the novel’s namesake, a deeply complex individual, even as a child. He has obvious abandonment issues and continues to struggle with finding his place in society. Huck starts by trying to fit in with Tom and a band of young boys, but eventually finds true companionship in a slave named Jim. Huck continues in his struggles as his moral beliefs conflict with the moral beliefs of the society of his time. This conflict comes from Huck beingRead MoreThe Role of Women in Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essay2493 Words   |  10 Pagesout of life (Joyce 434). They deliver the raw experience he transforms and refines into art. The key to understanding the relationship between women, sex, experience, and creation lies in Stephens association of himself with his mythological namesake, Daedalus. By establishing a link between himself and the ancient inventor, he makes apparent the parallel elements of their two stories -- punishment, falling, women -- and their relationship to his own artistic creation. Pasiphae, wife of KingRead MoreThe Spectrum Of Human Nature Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesBlair Hu Dr. Madon Literary Explorations III 25 October 2016 The Spectrum of Human Nature Iago, the main villain of William Shakespeare’s Othello, is a manipulative mastermind, able to weave an intricate web of lies that eventually leads to the death of the namesake of the play, Othello. Iago provides a multitude of rationales which explain his motivations for his deeds through sprawling soliloquies, such as the suspicion that Othello might be sleeping with his wife, Emilia, or that Othello deniesRead MoreEssay about Immortal Ideas In A Worn Path2029 Words   |  9 Pagesparticipate in their system (Moberly 123). Only after the nurse asks if her grandson is dead does she speak up and blame the silence on her old age, memory, and ignorance. She had to swallow her pride to get the medicine to protect her â€Å"mythological namesake† (Moberly 123). Phoenix knows how to handle herself in any situation due to her age, wisdom, and lifetimes of accumulated wisdom. On the surface Phoenix Jackson is making the hard trip into town to get medicine for her grandson who swallowedRead More Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird2536 Words   |  11 PagesMythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all the various approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest impact over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, andRead MoreOthello, The Shakespearean Tragedy Of Great Eclat2570 Words   |  11 Pagescaptured the recognition of many spectators, readers, and observers. Fascinated by the popular analysis, and multiplex of themes, ranging from jealousy and love, or perhaps honor and betrayal, Othello has become intrinsic to the way one lucubrates the literary and theatrical arts, and has become indispensible in understanding Shakespearean literature. However, taking the analysis further than the ostentatious front put on by Shakespeare, one can distinguish a more malig nant warrant to Othello s attractivenessRead More Use of Imagery in Jean Toomers Cane Essay2438 Words   |  10 PagesGeorgia Dusk captures the essence of that violence masked beneath a celebratory song of men finished with work and singing through the footpaths of the swamp (15). In quick succession Toomer gives us Fern and Esther, two stories whose namesakes further illuminate the problem of identity highlighted in images of dusk. Both are aloof and solitary figures, one existing for the sake of her beauty, the other forgotten and nearly invisible in her self-created world of obsession and fantasy (ChaseRead MoreTheodor Geisel2528 Words   |  11 Pagesconquer entire pages, and he realized graduate school was simply not for him. In the short time spent there, though, he met Helen Palmer, and fell in love. The two were married in 1927, and throughout their relationship she supported his artistic and literary career, and helped him create films and write books (21-27). Helen and Theodor Geisel moved to New York City, and Geisel’s career flourished there. His fist success was as a cartoonist for Judge magazine. Following a cartoon which jokingly featuredRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pagesturn-of-the-millennium terms. The London upper-class wife Clarissa Dalloway receiving illustrious guests in the evening is the model for Clarissa Vaughan giving a small party for her friend Richard, who has just won the Carrouthers Prize in recognition of his literary merits. It was also Richards idea to name her after a great figure in literature, Mrs. Dalloway, on the one hand, because of her existing first name and, on the other hand, because he thought that she was destined to charm, to prosper (10-11)Read MoreLiterary Analysis: Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston Essay1974 Words   |  8 Pagesback against her Grandmother for all of her rules. Although she means her no harm, the act itself is literally taking a dominant hand to her Grandmother. This act of empowerment proves that little Isis Watts is more than capable of living up to her namesake. The white couple brings another interesting twist to the story. Susan Meisenhelder finds the white couple’s response to Isis condescending, â€Å"blind to her internal aspirations and frustration they see her only as ‘Isis the Joyful’, the carefree

Perception and Decision Making Essay - 1106 Words

Perception and Decision Making Individuals with in organizations have to make important decisions everyday, the choices they make greatly effects their outcomes. How individuals in organizations make decisions and the quality of their final choices are largely influenced by their perceptions. During this examination of the role of perception in the decision making process, we will be discussing the meaning of perception and how an individual’s perception of others can impact an organization’s behavior. We will also look at the positive and negative effects of using perception short cuts when judging others. Finally, we will analyze how decisions in real world organizations are made, and how our perceptions shape ethical or moral†¦show more content†¦For example, selective perception, the halo effect, contrast effects, projection, and stereo typing are all types of perceptive shortcuts. Although these many shortcuts can sometimes prove to be helpful, they also can result in negative effects. One perceptive shortcut is selective perception, which allows individuals to speed read others; however, they are at risk of drawing an inaccurate pictures of people. The halo effect is another perception shortcut that like selective perception has negative effects along with the positives. The halo effect is described as being when we get a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single trait. The problem with this is that a person’s abilities are not based on only one trait but many traits (Robbins, 2005). The tendency to assume other people share the same characteristics as ones self is called projection. This has a negative effect on a manager’s perception of their employees because they compromise their ability to respond to individual differences (Robbins, 2005). This will also negatively effect how team members work together to successfully accomplish their tasks. Another perceptive shortcut, stereotyping, can have advantages as well as many problems. One advantage of using stereotypes is that they can improve decision making by simplifying the number of individuals to choose from and focusing on a group. The problem with usingShow MoreRelatedPerception and Individual Decision-Making1619 Words   |  7 PagesPerception and Individual decision-making (Robertson) Perception Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not reality itself. Factors that influence it Attribution theory The attributionRead MoreThe Roles of Perception in the Decision-Making Process1242 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative choices can cause failure. Perception plays a very important role in the choices individuals make. People make decisions every day, every hour and every minute based on the perceptions they interpret. Perception can cause several people to make wrong choices based on false information. In an organization incorrect decisions can cause a great deal of negative effects. This paper will demonstrate how important it is to understand perception, how a person’s perception of other impact an organization’sRead MorePerception and Individual Decision Making Mcqs7335 Words   |  30 PagesChapter 5 Perception and Individual Decision Making MULTIPLE CHOICE What is Perception? 1. What is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment? a. interpretation b. environmental analysis c. social verification d. outlook e. perception (e; Easy; Perception; p. 139) 2. What is the relationship between what one perceives and objective reality? a. They are the same. b. They can be substantially different. cRead MoreThe Role of Perception in the Decision-Making Process Essay2072 Words   |  9 PagesThe Role of Perception in the Decision-Making ProcessWhat is perception? How can a persons perception of others impact an organizations behavior? What are the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts when judging others? How are decisions in real world organizations actually made? How can our perceptions shape ethical or moral decisions? These are the questions that will be attempted to be answered in this essay. According to Robbins, S. (2005) Perception is a process by whichRead MoreDecision Making Process From A Manager s Perception1776 Words   |  8 PagesDecision making process from a manager’s perception Referring to the book â€Å"Management† by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, (2012) the author states that a manager plays number of roles in an organization, including planning, organizing, leading and organizing. With all of these he has to make and implement decisions for the success of said organization. Vesper used in Robbins, et al. (2012) â€Å"one must understand the importance of making the right decisions to be successful in operating a businessRead MoreThe Psychometric Indicators of Briggs and Myers1489 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Attached Sheet Introduction Katharine cook Briggs and his daughter Isabel Brigg Myers are two of the most well known developers of testing and psychological indicators that are made to analyze the level of perception of an individual and how the individual makes decisions. These are the indications that were used by psychologists for the development of psychometric theories. In this paper, in accordance with the psychometric indicators of Briggs and Myers, some of the main personalityRead MoreSelf Perception Theory1700 Words   |  7 PagesSelf perception Table of contents Serial N ° | List of Contents | Page N ° | 01 | Executive summary | 03 | 02 | Theories | 04 | 03 | Techniques | 05 | 04 | Decision making | 06 | 05 | References | 08 | â€Å"Self perception theory† Executive summary:- Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitiveRead MoreWhat Is Rational And Perceptual Approaches Is Critical For Effective Management?880 Words   |  4 Pagesinundated with decisions ranging from daily operational issues to long-term strategic planning. For instance, developing new products, allocating firm’s resources, creating daily and weekly goals or establishing an advertising campaign. As a result of the rapid changes in the business environment, it is essential that managers understand different decision-making models. These models can range from rationalistic, scientific to less structured, perceptual, intuitive decision-making styles. In disagreementRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism Among British Tourists And How It Affects Their Behavior And Decision Ma king1681 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects their Behavior and Decision-Making Background/Literature Review The tourists’ opinion on a destination is affected by the perceived benefits and costs (Sonmez and Graefe 112). One of the costs apart from expenses such as accommodation and transportation is the risk related to terrorism. With increased terrorist attacks around the world, one can assume that the perceived threat of terrorism at a tourist destination, like the one mentioned above, will result in a perception that views it as a costlyRead MorePerception And Perception Of Perception1727 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween people cause many problems which is relevant to a concept called perception. In this essay, the concept of perception will be described through academic definitions and knowledge also with practical examples. The main objective is to provide readers with a better on what perception is, why it is important to the study of Organization Behaviour (OB) and the effects and implications of it onto managers’ job. Perception is defined as the process in which perceivers give meaning to the things

Outer Space Exploration Free Essays

string(99) " for us but the issues that clearly orbiting around us can make hold or attention for a long time\." Skies The Limit? The exploration of space VS The issues on earth. Aileen Johnson English Composition Introduction We live in a world where there are environmental issues that range from global warming to air pollution. Environmental scientists dedicated themselves by putting years and years into finding a long-term solution for these issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Outer Space Exploration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effects of these issues can potentially be damaging in the next couple of decades so people live I fear of what is to come. This same fear prevents people from thinking outside of the box. We came so far in the mist of our issues that it almost seems unfixable. With new technology today we have various ways for exploring outside our world to find new ways to make life on earth a little easier. Since issues on earth are still in effect, people’s fear of what is to come in the future prevent them from becoming aware of how exploring outside this world in space can actually benefit us all, and how important it is to our planet earth. Although there are many environmental issues on earth, outer exploration should continue to be funded. Outer space exploration may be needed in the future to prevent or solve new issues on earth to come. Oblivious To the Benefits There are many benefits to outer space exploration that people are aware not of. Before I decided to do research I was unaware of the number of things that we actually use today that would have never been possible if we did not explore outer space in the past, that we are going to get into later on is this paper. Imagine you went to the grocery store and spent 300 dollars on food, and you go home, check your pockets, and see the receipt for your purchase of food. Now Imagined the food disappeared or you put the food away and it doesn’t look like as much food as you thought it was. Having spent money on something that you do not really see too much results for can make you regret spending so much money, or prevent you from doing it again. This is the same concept with funding outer space exploration; we see all of the money going into a project like adventure, without seeing the results of this big purchase. Another example is how we can spend money. This example does not count for us individually but as a whole. When we get a lump some of money sometimes it is hard for us not to go crazy and spend everything or most of it. When we do go crazy and spend all of it on little things, eating out all time, clothes, or just small purchases, we get more upset when the money is gone and we have no idea where the money went. That’s the same as spending money on space and not seeing the results from the purchase. Other problems circles around on how important it is to fund outer space exploration. The way we prioritize things in this world can affect our ability to make decisions and limit us to taking risks. For example, tax season come around and we get that nice refund back and think of all the things that we can do with that check. Now lets say that bills and credits card payments are the â€Å"global issues† and house leans and stocks are the â€Å"outer space† exploration. When we receive that that refund we become worriers and we think about all the bills we have to catch up on and what other things we need to pay off. Instead, we can look into investing into stocks and house leans that will benefit us in the future by making us more money overtime. Since people do are so caught up on the current issue, investing into something that doesn’t show results right away, will be last priority. If people do no understand the benefits of outer space exploration they can easily form the decision that it shouldn’t be funded. If they do not know what outer space exploration can do for earth they will find it unnecessary. Knowing the benefits can change the minds of a lot of people who forms these opinions. Sharing with people the benefits of exploring outer space can stop the controversy that it shouldn’t be funded any longer. There are a lot of websites that explain what people do in space, but not many go into detail about how it is beneficial to us on earth, this will mislead people into thinking that it is pointless. Not being aware of these benefits can cause fear in everyone when it comes down to spending money, which lead us to the next topic. Issues on Earth: Distractions and Paranoia The issues we have here on earth distracts the minds of many people causing distractions and paranoia. There is a website that was designed to count in actually time how much money we are spending on war. You can see the numbers go up in actual time. This creates anxiety to people specifically in America because we know that war is one of the major issues we have here on earth. Yes we know that the war is costing a lot of money and its okay that to keep track of that, but the amount of money spent is what people worry about. It is something that is keeping us in debt and some would also agree that the war is a pointless price to pay. When you have an issue as big as this, it scares people in to thinking that anything that we are spending money on now should show clear results from the money we are putting into it. Then we get distracted. With the issues here on earth rising day by day it distracts us. We can be aware of what NASA can do for us but the issues that clearly orbiting around us can make hold or attention for a long time. You read "Outer Space Exploration" in category "Papers" Let me give you an example how distraction and paranoia can be created. 99% percent of Americans watch TV, and there are many of those who watch the news. Imagine you turn on the TV and after your favorites show go of the news come on. You hear about the murders, theft, and car jacking that are going on. This grabs our attention and have us thinking about the high crime rate. Next it’s the poor education systems with high unemployment rate, the big distraction. Our minds are focused now on the issues surrounding us. Next that comes on is the issue that hits us all†¦war. This here is where our paranoia kicks in because not only is this an issue, it is something that is going to make us wonder, where is all the money coming from to support this idea. When we shut the TV off after the news finish we are left with the negative but true issues that are going on. We go to sleep with it in the back of our minds. The next day imagine you watch the morning news and the announcer comes on and say that the president just signed a multi-million dollar approval to invest millions in NASA for exploration of pace, without giving any clear reason on how this investment will benefit earth or the people on it. With the paranoia already build up in our minds and the anxiety from the issues we have yet to solve, investing millions of dollars into a cause that we do not think is necessary at the time can be a lot for us to want to jump up and agree with. N ow that we have this huge issue of spending and being in debt, it forces Americans to â€Å"budget† or limit ourselves. They do not want to fund anything other than what we absolute need because the problems that are obvious like the money we spent on war, are way bigger than the problems that have yet to come, therefore we limit our thinking for now when we can be preparing for the future. Now that we know that by people being oblivious to how outer space exploration can be beneficial and how the money we spend on other issues on earth can make us a little paranoid about what we spend money on; but may be knowing exactly how outer space exploration or â€Å"O. S. E† can actually prevent issues on earth and help us, we can support it rather than oppose it. O. S. E Preventing Issues on Earth Outer space exploration can prevent future problems and help with current issues on earth. When people oppose the idea of funding O. S. E, they tend to forget about the satellites they we have out there. Those very same satellites that would have not existed if it was not for O. S. E in the first place. These satellites are like god to us with the modern technology that we have today and knowing how we benefit from them is important. Satellites in outer space control a lot of things that we can take advantage of according to this article. It helps to predict the weather, GPS navigations and locate other things also. How can predicting the weather help with issues on earth you may ask? Knowing when a snow storm is coming help us to prepare in advance to put salt down on the roads so that people would not slide on ice when there are driving and get into an accident. Knowing when a hurricane is going to hit, let us know to get generators for power and gas for cars, food and water for everyone. Knowing that it is going to be dangerously hot with heat wave ahead lets us know to stay home under the AC rather to drive somewhere far and put ourselves in danger of the heat. All of these issues that can arise on earth, prevented just by simply predicting the weather, and the weather predicted from the help of satellites in outer space. Another benefit that too many people do not know about is that space also provide certain metals used to build aircraft and the same ones are also used in healthcare facilities around the world for medicine. We benefit also from the GPS, saving us time, frustration and gas. This seemingly not a huge issue on earth at the moment until you is in a dangerous situation and need to get somewhere fast; like getting lost in the woods. Also GPS help police locate criminals, crime, and other mobilizing action that can cause danger to civilians. Being able to position a moving target in actual time has helped different people with different careers like aircrafts, ships, soldiers, and the US government. Without satellites the modern careers we have today would not exists, leading us to many issues to run into in the future. Can you imagine the many issues that we would be facing not knowing when a dangerous snowstorm is going to hit? Or getting lost in the middle of knows where without a phone to call 911. Issues like the ones mentioned in the last paragraph are prevented everyday taking somebody somewhere out of a dangerous situation thanks to the satellites that were created through O. S. E. Knowing how the earth orbits the sun helps ups a great deal also. O. S. E helped us to discover other planets they have different resources that we may use in the future once we are able to tap into them. These resources can help us in the future when it is our last resort and we have nothing less. Being able to make use of resources out of planets in space now for the future is important. Why wait for the issue to arise to try and fix it when we can prevent it before it even happens? Think About it. Conclusion Reflect back on how far we can with technology because of discovers we made in outer spaces. All the distractions people see and hear on the news everyday can now become just another issue along with not funding O. S. E. That paranoia that people have that we are wasting money on something that we do not need can now go away, and you can feel at ease knowing the that we benefit a great deal from these explorations. Its like now you know what you are investing in and seeing that the benefits will set us up for the future can help you relax a little and support the cause. Outer space exploration led us to discover such advance technology that we can use today. These same discoveries can help prevent issues on earth. The fact that satellites predict the weather is major. The fact that GPS can locate crime is major. The fact that the same technology helps our troops in combat, in officers on duty is major. These things are all beneficial to us in multiple ways. If outer space exploration wasn’t funded in the first place we would have not have been able to do research to discover these things that we benefit from today in the past we were open to funding this, and in the future that is now the present, we are able to benefit from those explorations. Further research may be able to prevent new problems in the future. Funding O. S. E uses only a tiny fraction of what we spend on war today, yet we benefit from it more than our current biggest investment. We need to think more in the future so that when it gets here we can continue to advance and become affective fixing issues before they come. REFERENCES | | | Baker, David. Scientific American Inventions From Outer Space: Everyday Uses for NASA Technology. New York, NY, 2 McClatchy-Tribune Information services news [Washington] June 7, 2009 Ashford University library. http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Neil, Tyson Author Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2012, Vol. 91 Issue 2, p22-33, 12p of Ashford University Library. http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Steitz, David E. How to cite Outer Space Exploration, Papers

Project Management for Construction and Development- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Construction and Development. Answer: Introduction This report discusses emerging issues in project management. The project management issue discussed in this report is value driven project management. Value-driven project management refers to the management of projects based on the value that the projects generate to the organization. It is important for project managers to ensure that the projects undertaken focus on the value rather than on managing projects for the sake of it. Project management is a growing field and its growth has been mainly fueled by increase in projects in all sectors of the economy. Most organization are undertaking major projects whether they are infrastructural, technological or any other type of project (Vanhoucke, n.d.). Because of the need to manage these projects effectively and ensure successful competition of the projects, organizations have developed the need to seek the services of project managers. Every project has its unique goals and objectives and it is the ultimate role of the project manage r to ensure that the project being undertaken by a particular organization can achieve the predetermined objectives. This, therefore, means project value is at the core of project management and therefore project managers need to focus on project value when managing these projects (Jha, 2011).The value of a particular project depends on the objectives of the project and therefore value must not necessarily be financial or economic. The report gives a detailed narrative of a company in the UAE that has focused on the value of project when managing its various projects within the organization. The organizational structure and project management practices of the chosen organization are also discussed in this report. The current challenges and problems associated with the project management in the organization are also analyzed and recommendations for improvement are highlighted. Review of value-driven projects The value-based project has become popular with project managers. This is because of its result oriented nature which helps project managers to achieve project objectives on a timely basis and hence aid the organization in achieving its overall objectives. Value-based project management is very different from style planning systems. The technique of project management focuses on better decision making across all the sectors within the project. The value-driven management project helps in involving various stakeholders in the management of the project. The value-based management of projects recognizes the top-down command and control structures. Value-based project management focuses on the value that the project is going to generate to the organization. Projected future cash flow from the business is analyzed and compared to the current spending for the project (Fleming Koppelman, 2010). The project manager should set the objectives of the project and design methods that can be used to measure the performance of the project. This helps in determining whether or not the project is meeting its value as targeted in the project plan. Value-based project management is one of the most important emerging aspects of project management (Kerzner Saladis, 2009). Value-based management of projects enables project managers to oversee the project on a continuous basis and always ensure that the project is in line with the objectives. Value-based project management is an integration of value creation mindset with systems and processes of management that are necessary to transform the mindset into real action. The primary objective of the project manager is value optimization. This also involves minimizing costs and ensuring that the project does not incur unnecessary expenses. Organizations also have objectives that are not related to finances. The project manager also has a role in ensuring that these objectives are achieved. Focusing on value maximization does not mean that other objectives will be abandoned since they contribute significantly towards the success of the entire project. Some of the non-financial goals and objectives of an organization include customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction. For a project to be completed successfully while at the same time realizing its value (Sears, 2015).It is very crucial that the project manager ensures that employees are happy and they are delighted. This wil l encourage and motivate them to put extra effort and attention that is important towards the attainment of the objectives of the project. However, it is important that the project manager is careful not to compromise the financial goals/value-based approach to the project while trying to attain the financial objectives of the project. The value of a project can be measured in different ways depending on the nature of the project as well as the goals and objectives targeted by the organization. For example, an IT project by a fast food restaurant at in town will have several objectives. The value of the project will be measured based on this objective. If one of the objectives of the project is to increase customers by offering convenient ordering system and strategic advertising, the value of the project will be measured by the revenue that is directly attributable to the IT project (Lester, 2013). The value of a project undertaken by an NGO to improve food security in particular areas will be measured by the percentage increase in food productivity in the region. In value-based project management, every team member has a role to play in maximizing the value of the project. For example, the procurement manager in the project has a responsibility of procuring high-quality raw materials and other items at the lowest market price. This ensures that the project stays focused on maximizing value by minimizing costs. The project manager and other team members are also responsible for value maximization through minimization of wastage. The value of some projects may be based on the cost per unit of the project, cycle time and defect time (Kerzner, 2015). The value of product development project may be based on the time taken to develop a new product and the number of new products developed through the project. The need for value-based management of the project has increased to the increased competition that leads organizations to invest in projects to maximizing their returns. Companies are also continuously undertaking high-value projects to increase their production capacity. It is very important for these projects to be managed using value-based management technique. This method can focus purely on maximizing the value of the project. This ensures that the project continuously generates high profits and it is highly sustainable. Narrative of the organization The company chosen for analysis in this report is Future Metro LLC. Future Metro is a company in the construction and engineering industry with major operations in UAE and Belarus. The company operates in many other countries such as Venezuela, Colombia and Germany. The company offers high-value consultancy services, engineering and project management services in various Construction sites globally. The core values of Future Metro include; Commitment, Compassion, Respect, Ethics, Affordability and dedication. Future Metro has won numerous global awards as a result of its unique performance in project management in the construction industry. The latest award that the company won is the highly coveted GCC Project of The Year Award. The award was awarded as a result of its work on Lapita Hotel which is located at Dubai Parks and Resorts (Stewart, 2010). The design of the building together with the systems used in the construction of the project was the main basis on which the company wo n the award. Future Metro has undertaken major outstanding projects across UAE. Some of these projects include; Damac Akoya Oxygen 450 Villa`s Polo Residence, Dubai International Airport and Meydan Dubai. The project management methods used by Future Metro are investigated and evaluated to determine the major factors contributing to the success and failure of projects. The current organizational structure of Future Metro is elaborated. The hierarchical structure has a central source of power within the company which is the Board of director of the company. The board of Future Metro is chaired by Mr Abdul Hamid Moukayed and is made up of seven individuals (Chartered Institute of Building (Great Britain), 2010). The company has four executive directors and three non-executive directors. The board of the company is the topmost body that manages the company. The board of management makes major decisions affecting the company. They negotiate and sign deals on behalf of the company. The board of the Future Metro also makes investment decisions and major strategic decisions on behalf of the company. The chairman of the board is very powerful and is very influential in decision making. The managing director is in charge of the administrative section and duties of the company. He oversees the daily running of the companys operations and makes management dec isions on behalf of the company. The managing director also sits on the board, and he acts as the link between the company itself and its owners (Kerzner, 2017). The managing director is based at the companys headquarters at Al Durrah Tower in Sharjah region. The managing director is responsible for the overall performance of the company, and he is the spokesperson for the company. The next positions in the organizational structure are the positions of the Chief operating officer, Chief Financial officer and the Director of operations and project management. These positions have a huge impact on the performance of the company since each of the departments is very critical and therefore proper management is required. The organizational structure of Future Metro is very effective because the roles and powers of each position are defined in the organizational structure. This, therefore, means that there is no struggle for power or influence in the company and each of the office holders can perform their duties with minimum interference from fellow managers or even the board (Wysocki, 2014). The organizational structure of the company has so much impact on the project management of the company. The director of operations and project management oversees the progress of all the projects undertaken by the company in UAE. The director is assisted by Technical managers who are assigned different regions to oversee the management of the projects the company is undertaking in that particular region. Each project that the company is undertaking is supervised by a project manager who is a permanent employee of the company. There are also supervisors who report to the project manager. Every person in the posi tions highlighted above plays a key role in the management of the companys project at one point or the other and hence contributing to the success of most the projects undertaken by the company (Kerzner Saladis, 2009). The current organizational project management practices address the issues of risk and project scheduling. Future Metro has a defined project scope management document. This document defines the objectives of each project while at the same time addressing the limitations and boundary of the project (Building, 2014). The company also has a project time management schedule for each project. This schedule is prepared before the beginning of any project, and it divides tasks and assigns them to different individuals and divisions. The time frame for completion of each task is also stated in the schedule. This helps the company to complete all its projects without delay. The company also assigns the role of cost management to a particular team player to help in keeping the costs incurred in the project at bay. This is very important since it ensures that the project is completed within the estimated budget. The company also puts a lot of emphasis on risk management in projects. Before the beginning of each project, the company engages all experts in its workforce in helping in preparing a risk management plan after risk management procedures have been undertaken. The other project management practice used by Future Metro is that of human resource management and communication management. Difficulties associated with the current project management practices at Future Metro LLC Despite the current project management practices of Future Metro LLC being so successful, there are a variety of problems associated with the project management practices applied by Future Metro. The following are some of the challenges that Future Metro faces when managing its projects: The most common problem is that of undefined goals. The practices may fail to state the goals and objectives of the project. This can be a huge mistake since failure to state and define the goals of a project result carrying out tasks and activities that do not add value to the project. This results in wastage of both human and fiscal resources (Chen, 2010). The failure to define goals may result in changes in design or structures which may end up costing the company huge financial resources. The practices also result in the company having ambiguous contingency plans. It is very crucial for project managers to come up with a clear and workable contingency plans which the original plan will fall on in case something goes wrong. What if scenarios are very important in project management since they provide backup options to the project manager to help overcome handles that the team may face during project implementation phase. This ensures that projects are not delayed as a result of little changes in plan or design. The current practices on the management of project communication at Future Metro are not effective. This is because there has been a series of miscommunication. This can be attributed to lack of communication manager in most of the projects undertaken by the company. The role of communication is performed by the project manager and given that the project manager has many other roles that they are expected to perform, they may fail to perform the communication task with excellence (Kidd, 2009). Poor communication may lead to conflicts within the organization as well as outside stakeholders. Poor communications can also lead to delay in procurement of some items and materials and hence leading to delay in the project. Another challenge that may be brought about by the current organizational project management practices is that the project may get deprived of crucial resources. For a project to be run effectively and efficiently, it is important that all the necessary resources are available on time. The current practices do not allow the company to determine all the resource needs of the projects. This may lead to inconveniences when some resources are not available, yet they are needed in the project (Bahnub, 2010). This challenge may result to compromise in quality standards and re-scheduling of activities due to delays. Lack of Stakeholder engagement is another challenge that may be experienced with the current practices of Future Metro LLC. If some of the stakeholders are not interested in some aspects of the project, they may not contribute adequately the project, and this may interfere with the schedule of the project ( Agarwal, Dhall Tayal, 2011). Recommendations The following are the recommendations that will help to improve the organizational project management of Future Metro. ? The company should employ a communication manager for each project to help improve communication within the company. ? Future Metro needs to involve more stakeholders in defining and stating the project goals and objectives. The contributions of various stakeholders such as project owners and financiers ensure that the project is carried out effectively and every objective of the project is achieved. ? Future Metro should also ensure that the what if options of the company are analyzed, and the best possible back up plans are identified and stated in the contingency plan of the project. ? All department and stakeholders should be involved in determining project needs. This ensures that no project requirement is left out so that once the project begins; everything will be ready and available. ? Risks management should be improved by applying various risk management methods such as risk transfer. Conclusion This report evaluates and analyzes the aspect of Value-based project management. The value-based project management of a project is a technique that is applied in the management of projects by organizations. It focuses on maximizing the value of the project as the main basis for managing the project. The goals and objectives of the project are identified after which the project manager determines the key aspects of the project that maximize the value of the project. Resources are used optimally, and wastage is reduced when this method is used. This report analyzes the project management practices of Future Metro LLC. Future Metro is a company that provides consultancy and project management services in the construction industry in UAE. The report defines the organizational structure of the company and the impact of the organizational structure of project management. The challenges associated with the current organizational project management practices at Future Metro are determined a nd recommendations on future improvement made. References Agarwal, B. B., Dhall, S., Tayal, S. P. (2011). Software Project Management: For B.Tech, M.Tech, Bca, Mca, B.Sc (Comp. Science) And It Professionals. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=88790. Bahnub, B. (2010). Maximize Shareholder Value With Value-Based Project Management. Building, C. I. O. (2014). Code Of Practice For Project Management For Construction And Development. Hoboken, Wiley. Chen, G. (2010). Building Construction: Project Management, Construction Administration, Drawings, Specs, Detailing Tips, Schedules, Checklists, And Secrets Others Don't Tell You. Irvine, Calif, Architeg, Inc. Chartered Institute Of Building (Great Britain). (2010). Code Of Practice For Project Management For Construction And Development. Chichester, U.K., Wiley-Blackwell. Http://Public.Eblib.Com/Choice/Publicfullrecord.Aspx?p=698483. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2010). Earned Value Project Management. Newtown Square, Pa, Project Management Institute. Hossenlopp, R. (2010). Organizational Project Management: Linking Strategy And Projects. Vienna, Va, Managementconcepts. Jha, K. N. (2011). Construction Project Management: Theory And Practice. New Delhi, Dorling Kindersley. Http://Proquest.Safaribooksonline.Com/9789332503373. Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A System Approach To Planning, Scheduling, And Controlling. Kerzner, H. (2015). Project Management 2.0: Leveraging Tools, Distributed Collaboration, And Metrics For Project Success. Kerzner, H., Saladis, F. P. (2009). Value-Driven Project Management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=33918. Kidd, T. T. (2009). Handbook Of Research On Technology Project Management, Planning, And Operations. Hershey, Pa, Information Science Reference. Koller, T. (2015). Valuation: Measuring And Managing The Value Of Companies. John Wiley Sons Inc. Lester, A. (2013). Project Management, Planning And Control. Elsevier Science. Sears, S. K. (2015). Construction Project Management: a Practical Guide To Field Construction Management. Stewart, R. B. (2010). Value Optimization For Project And Performance Management. Chichester, Wiley. Wysocki, R. K. (2014). Effective Complex Project Management: An Adaptive Agile Framework For Delivering Business Value. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=73144. Vanhoucke, M. (n.d.). Integrated Project Management And Control [Recurso Electrnico] First Comes The Theory, Then The Practice.

History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay Essay Example

History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay Essay Leisure can be defined as the procedure whereby everyone gets freedom from drawn-out responsibilities and mundane occupations. Roberts describes leisure as the comparatively freely chosen non-work country of life . This shows that leisure can be done anytime or when the organic structure call for it. The demand of diversion is invariably increasing, hence leisure suppliers try to make every bit much as possible to pull people and do all sorts of net income in all the ways they can. The leisure proviso can be divided into two sectors: foremost one is public which is provided by the authorities. Torkildsen ( 2005, p.131 ) describes it as provided by a public authorization or by statute law for the general usage of public . The 2nd 1 is commercial sector, presented by private industries that are willing to give luxury leisure in return for money. However, their purpose is to derive financial net income and an equal return of investing Tordkilsen ( 2005, p.193 ) . As we have been ask ed to compose about leisure suppliers in this essay we will be looking through the history of the two sectors that are involved in the subject, by discoursing the different types of organisations within them and stating who benefits from it by seeking to explicate why these sectors run leisure installations. History of public and commercial leisure proviso We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Leisure existed during ancient period as portion of mundane life. Equally shortly as it attracted more people, different suppliers of amusement have emerged. First marks of this division are dated on eighteenth century. In this period nobility provided sole athletics like fox-hunting, horse-racing, hiting, to those who were socially qualified Cunningham ( 1980, p.17 ) . In other words, it was for affluent people that frequently possessed a land. In these fortunes gentlemen ( people from in-between category ) and besides aristocracy ( those who had independent income but no land ) created their ain nines and frequently met in assembly suites. Taverns and public houses provided leisure for laborers, little makers and hapless people. Among them the most favorite amusements were dog-fights, cock-fights or bull-beatings. The 2nd half of eighteenth century to 19th has brought important societal and industrial alterations, which besides had an impact on leisure proviso. During this clip people were traveling from small towns and little towns to metropoliss. It caused overcrowding, addition of offense, poorness and longer hours of work. Peoples could non bask leisure and infinite as they used to make. The most common behaviors were imbibing and chancing. That is why of import reforms had to take topographic point. The nineteenth century has changed people s believing about what the leisure truly was. Reformers were profoundly concerned about three different facets which include public assistance of kids, urban life with no chance for healthy exercising and diversion and encouraging authoritiess to move against societal unfairness and adversity of multitudes. As a consequence of that betterment, authorities has created Physical Training and Recreation Act 1937, which enabled people entree to the leisure installations. Employers recognized the importance of supplying leisure to their employees and they started to make societal and athleticss nines in order to carry through their demands. In twentieth century besides people from working category started to demand leisure. Public baths, houses and music halls became available non merely for affluent people, but besides for those poorer. Leisure gained more acknowledgment after the debut of film, witness athleticss and telecasting, which came finally as a consequence of two World Wars. Finally, in 1960 the existent image of leisure was developed as we know it today. Different organisations within public and commercial sector In current times, we can see clear division of leisure suppliers. The sectors we will be discoursing are public sector and commercial one as a portion of the private sector. Both sectors provides leisure and diversion installations in a broad scope. Public sector organisations are those owned by the authorities. This can be national authorities or local authorities Tribe, J. ( 2005, p.26 ) Beginning: Adapted from Tribe J. , ( 2005, p.25 ) Facilities which are provided by public sector are accessible to us in two different ways. First, is an entree without any fee. Examples of them are urban Parkss, resort areas, libraries, picnic countries, nature trails, beaches and state Parkss. They are supported with rates and revenue enhancements we pay to concerned governments. The other manner of acquiring those services is to pay in order to utilize them. These installations include swimming pools, playing Fieldss, golf classs, marinas, humanistic disciplines Centres, theaters and athleticss Centres. If the leisure is non provided by local governments, it may include troubles in affording those installations. Young people would non hold an entree to their civilization and use of unfastened land for other intents like supermarkets and auto Parkss etc. That is why cardinal authorities provides leisure unfastened for general usage. This regulating organic structure is responsible for doing determinations on major policy and establishes the manner in which local authorities can move. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister is a nexus between Local and Central authoritiess. Therefore, it has important influence on leisure itself. For case, the ODPM is responsible for be aftering betterments such as increasing criterions of leisure installations. Another of import section in cardinal authorities is DCMS ( Department of Culture, Media and Sport ) . This section has a duty of supplying policy on: The Humanistic disciplines, athletics, The National Lottery, libraries, museums and galleries, broadcast medium, movie, imperativeness freedom and ordinance, The Historic Environment and touristry. Another sector, which is engaged in supplying leisure, is private sector. Although it is divided for volunteer, which is non-profit devising and commercial, our instance of survey will be merely the commercial portion of it. Private sector organisations are those which are non-government-owned. They can be farther sub-divided into profit-making organisations and nonprofit organisations Tribe, J. ( 2005, p.26 ) Beginning: Adapted from Tribe J. , ( 2005, p.25 ) Commercial sector is a portion of private sector which does non include voluntary organisations. Their activity is chiefly directed to do fiscal net income from users of those services. They try to run into the demand of consumers but it is really difficult to make it on current market. The chief intent of commercial sector is to accomplish a fiscal net income or equal return of investing. It does non except benefit in other sectors, but their predominant purposes are different. Examples of commercial market are sport nines, squash nines, bowling, themed eating houses, amusement Parkss, vacation cantonments or film. Commercial organisations do non hold an intrinsic involvement in leisure and diversion, in and of itself, but in leisure as a beginning of net income Torkildsen, G. ( 2004, p. 249 ) There is a correlativity between both sectors mentioned supra. When commercial sector creates new market, it tries to make the highest degree of productiveness. After that, when they have to put more money once more, it is more good for them to make a new market instead than put spending on the old 1. In these fortunes commercial sector puts strive on public sector, because the demand has been created already. If commercial sector do non desire to work on it any longer, public sector is expected to make it. Commercial sector is frequently run by enterprisers. There are 1000s of concerns involved in commercial sector, but they have been taken over by transnational companies. As a consequence of this the picks of merchandises that are sold in the market are limited. In order to cut down hazard factor in current economic recession period, concern people have to sell the concerns in which they may non be good but concentrate on a perpendicular supply concatenation. Both sectors have to pull possible clients or lose net income. In the past both sectors dealt with different activities of their ain scope, but now they have been overlapped in most portion of their concern. Who benefits Leisure is something that people indulge in their mundane life ; harmonizing to Doggett and OMahoney ( 1991, p.23 ) it is of import because it enhances the quality of life in society . Leisure is an activity that can take topographic point anyplace. Roberts ( 1978, p.125 ) says individuals can utilize their leisure for diversion. Alternatively, nevertheless, they can pass their clip and money in their households, on their places, in instruction and other mainstream establishments . Elaborating on this, it shows that people can take whatever manner they wanted to pass their leisure clip without being disturbed. The two types of sectors we have, public and commercial, exist to give amusement to local communities. But although they have the same premise, they both offer assorted sorts of amusement ( as mentioned above ) and both give benefit in their ain different ways. Commercial suppliers invest in and pull off public sector installations ; the populace sector offers high quality wellness and fittingness chances, which have traditionally been offered by the commercial sector, while the voluntary and commercial sector are get downing to set up partnerships chiefly for the benefit of clients of commercial installations The Higher Education Academy ( 2005 ) [ Online ] . Still, it is largely the people in the leisure industry that benefit the most, particularly within the commercial sector, which is a dominant one in United Kingdom, as they provide leisure and service in return of money. Commercial sector is directed towards two groups of clients: those with disposable income and tourer. They as the affluent people are able to do bigger net income for the company. This sector merely give price reductions or purchase a bundle and acquire the other free or half monetary value. It is a wholly net income orientated portion of leisure industry. However, most clients get refund, if they did non bask the leisure that was provided for them by the companies. On the other manus, it gives a batch of chances every bit far as employment is concerned, this sector delivers it. Furthermore, it revenues income from abroad and drives development within the state. Practical advice for concern [ Online ] . Public sector is provided by the authorities and local governments in order to give equality to people, to do leisure accessible for those, who can non afford it it raises the quality of life. Among leisure there are many athleticss installations which help its users to remain healthy and fit, for illustration by undertaking fleshiness. Public sector is besides responsible for enabling the handicapped entree to these installations. What is more, it supplies several sorts of price reductions for assorted sorts of people. One of them is free theaters entry for people under 26 old ages, to promote them to utilize that leisure installation and to do them more familiar to the civilization. Besides the aged ( over 75 ) have a cheaper entree to many services. There are many local societies within this sector, like Woodhouse Road Family Life Centre for illustration, which is a group that brings together older people from the local community The Higher Education Academy ( 2005 ) [ Online ] . Older people can go to the meetings to hold merriment and remain active and sociable The Higher Education Academy ( 2005 ) [ Online ] . So, in public sector it is non merely approximately assorted installations, sometimes merely common support is adequate. It is directed toward socially excluded people people are out of work, with low income and cultural and handicapped communities. By and large, this sector is responsible for supplying leisure to everybody for free, so every participant is the 1 who receives a benefit. There is besides a batch of support from European Union. Governments can acquire grants to do an betterment within their states and local governments are besides able to develop leisure installations within the metropoliss. This makes citizens proud of the topographic point they live ; they have more topographic points to travel to and to entertain themselves. Such actions decrease vandalism by cut downing anti societal behavior and attract tourer and event co-ordinations. Specific grounds why public and commercial sector run leisure installations Local governments and societies play indispensable function in supplying, back uping and developing leisure and athleticss chances. As local authorization have different types of wellness services such as free consultancy and distribution of drugs ( medical specialty ) to the people in demand. However local authorization is the of import portion of a borough that keeps in touch with leisure and recreational activities. They are responsible for scheduling new betterment for protecting the environment and for bettering the quality of life through local conveyance enterprises or better green infinites. In kind, local governments have a important direct impact on the success of communities. Public sectors truly assist to developed new supports to the people such as best athletic development and supply support for developing new athletics policies. Sports and recreational comfortss are offered by together private and public sectors. Mostly wellness Centres and fittingness nines are organized by local governments in the local countries. Harmonizing to visitant study by Tourism South East 2004/05 Leisure and Recreation [ Online ] in England about 13.5 million tourers visited The National Park. The National Park provides a most popular entertaining resource for the visitants populating within and around the country, and besides attracts several tourer from corner to corner of southern England and on a national graduated table as good. New developments within leisure besides have positive impact of other ways ; Leisure and diversion contributes can alter the image of a metropolis and lead to increased private nest eggs. The chief ground behind the being of commercial sector is to do a net income. Commercial sector is responsible for presenting quality services for the people with disposable income. Besides the peculiar installation s like swimming pools, which require a batch of care, are merely provided by commercial sector. The ground for the proviso of swimming pools by commercial sector is that they have got sufficient sum of money for the care work. As the competition is inevitable in this sector so they are concentrating more on the quality of services. These sectors run leisure services because off several grounds such as making consciousness and maintaining society healthy. Harmonizing to Miller the globalisation of athletics has besides created hyper-competitive worldwide milieus where many states try to happen their minute of celebrity on the universe athletics phase. Hoye et Al, ( 2009, p.17 ) . It is of import that local communities have entree to scope of amusement, humanistic disciplines, athleticss and recreational installations for enjoyment. Local councils provide broad scope of leisure and athleticss services including athleticss pitches, playing Fieldss and resort areas. Local governments provide public Parkss and unfastened infinites for older citizen and people in demand. Humanistic disciplines centres locales and theaters, galleries and museums are besides run by local communities. Local governments besides conduct assorted festivals, featuring and civilization events. Supplying leisure comfortss from local constitut ion are really good for native people. As local governments have assortment of amusement and relaxation activities. Peoples can happen all installations easy and cheaper so pull offing on themselves. Local governments will actuate people towards healthy life manner, by puting more money in athletics and leisure installations. Local governments ever have great emphasizes on advancing leisure and athleticss in the local countries. Decisions After all of our considerations about the given subject, we came to the undermentioned decisions. Leisure is non a new phenomenon ; it has been bing as a portion and package of our lives since antediluvian times. There is a broad scope of different organisations covering with the proviso of leisure and diversion installations. The services provided by local governments are easy accessible to each category of community. On the other manus, leisure installations provided by commercial sector are for those people, who have disposable income. The services provided by both sectors constitute to the high quality of life and state s wellness. It is good to put in both sectors as they are turning dramatically and the demands and demands of the people would be enduring in approaching hereafter. From the Travel and Tourism point of position, we can state that, tourers are able to utilize merely a few services, provided by local governments or voluntary sector, but they can utilize all the inst allations provided by commercial sector as every installation is available to them after payment. Equally far as Events sentiment is concerned, the state of affairs here looks similar to the one above. Peoples take parting in events can bask those provided by both public and commercial sector every bit, even if they are non citizens of given topographic point.

Roswell

Roswell There's a key difference between the skeptical/scientific outlook and the paranormal/pseudoscientific approach: practitioners of the latter tend to persist in their cherished beliefs regardless of all evidence casting doubt on them. Let's look at one case in which a supposed mystery had been solved, yet continue to be promoted as if ordinary solutions were unknown, and the question still remains; Did it happen? The most famous of all UFO and alien stories is that of Roswell, made legend in movies, television shows and hundreds of books. According to the story, the U.S. government and armed forces have tried to hide the crash of an extraterrestrial spaceship outside Roswell, New Mexico, in July 1947. Some versions of the tale claim alien bodies were recovered and the crashed alien craft was secretly "reverse-engineered" by government scientists to give us such technological advances as the integrated circuits used by today's computers.Roswell, NMThe majority of the public would like t o believe in the idea that Roswell never happened, but that may not be the case.There are two many underlining factors that point to the fact that Roswell did occur. The debris retrieved from the site of the "crashed flying saucer" near Roswell, all the evidence recovered, the government cover-up of what actually transpired, and the witnesses who must have seen the incident upclose. But never has a credible witness - out of the thousands who must have been involved over the years in keeping the secret of the United States holding and researching extraterrestrial bodies and spacecraft - ever come forward. Never in five decades has a piece of hard evidence been found to support the ET claims. And meanwhile a very reasonable explanation has been offered to cover all the facts. Yet the hype about Roswell persists. So you be...

Improvement of Danones Purchasing and Supply Management Assignment

Improvement of Danones Purchasing and Supply Management - Assignment Example Secondly, Danone has a major weakness in availing products to consumers at the right time. This is because of the lack of efficient distribution mechanisms. This has triggered the firms to formulate distribution channels such as door-to-door, but Danone has not achieved maximum efficiency where consumers can receive goods instantly. Danone has an objective of ensuring that products reach the consumer in the best possible conditions and at the best price (Danone Par 1). Therefore, Danone may have to adopt collaborative distribution both at the urban and rural levels in order to further develop and improve its purchasing and supply management. This means that Danone will have to partner with other organizations to aid in the process of order delivery. With this, the company will be able to facilitate home delivery and pick-up efficiently in rural and urban areas (Capgemin 46).   Danone will have to adopt Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), in future to   monitor goods from the p oint of supply to the final consumer. This technology is expected to reduce the delay of goods from production to consumption points. It will also enable Danone’s managers to identify the points where goods are required, and determine the length of time that it will take the goods to reach clients. With the aid of an electronic chip which will be attached to goods immediately, they are acquired from the supplier; information will be sent to the company about the state and location of goods (Scott, Lundgren and Thompson 95). Consequently, this will reduce delays in goods delivery. This is because managers will be able to monitor the location of goods, and they may fasten the distribution process when demand is high. Danone can also manage the relationships between buyers and sellers to improve its purchase and supply management. This will involve the strengthening of relationships between these parties. The relationships would be strengthened by holding conferences through the information system (Scott, Lundgren and Thompson 97). Buyers would understand the processes at the supplier’s point, and this understanding would create long-term relationships with sellers. Consequently, the long-term relationships would guarantee the firm supply of all products, and this would reduce the shortage. In addition, Danone would have to adopt electronic distribution would reduce delay and increase customer satisfaction (Scott, Lundgren and Thompson 101). This will improve the purchasing and supply management of the company by allowing customers to purchase goods on-line, and have the goods delivered to their door steps.

Industrial Revolution Capitalism and Communism Essay

Industrial Revolution Capitalism and Communism - Essay Example Subsequently, this labor force could not be made to fit itself inside the dimensions of medieval economy that used to be fully controlled by the monarchs, businessmen, and noblemen. Hence, labor organization against the medieval structure of laissez faire led to significant change in industrial and economic relations influencing the society as a whole (Goloboy, 2006). In examining that how the workers’ lives were altered by industrialization, we must say that the workers had to acquire newer skill sets, work for longer, and function production oriented without rest and entertainment. Factory owners chose to exploit them and society changed rapidly. Workers were now underpaid, they lived in factory system, and state became a managing committee of the business owners (Carlton, 1920). Second, mechanization of production processes the number of people working in the factories. The lifestyle in agrarian economy was drastically different from that in the industrial economy. This led to extensive urban development since changes in lifestyle increased ambition and consumption of the masses. After initial hurdles, urban development led to social mixing, abolition of obsolete traditions, and innovation of shorter and simpler social customs, rituals, formalities, etc. But the economic differences between the owners and the workers began to become steeper along with these developments. Owners continued to become richer and workers continued to become poorer. During and after industrial revolution, a new class of businessmen emerged who have enough capital, which they could use to build factories and experiment with different methods production engineering and fund research. This weakened the economic control of monarchs, although no significant political change took place. Hence, a powerful business class – the capitalists emerged, who established the system of capitalism (Goloboy, 2006). Relationship between the working class and the owners was

Homeland Security Organization and Administration Case Study

Homeland Security Organization and Administration - Case Study Example The attacks provided the realization of the need to integrate and unify efforts towards defending the country from security threats and identify all the lapses in protecting the nation against terrorist attacks. As such, the DHS was formed with the following purpose, to wit: â€Å"by largely transforming and realigning the current confusing patchwork of government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland. The creation of a Department of Homeland Security is one more key step in the President’s national strategy for homeland security† (Department of Homeland Security, 2002, p. 1). The creation of the DHS through the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) was therefore instituted with the aim of enhancing and duly communicating awareness to impending threats through a system of color codes, according to potential risks and levels of terrorist attacks – from yellow, orange to red (DHS, n.d.). Likewise, on April 20, 2011, it was announced that this system was replaced by the â€Å"National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS)—a robust terrorism advisory system that provides timely information to the public about credible terrorist threats and replaces the former color-coded alert system† (DHS, n.d., p. 1). It was likewise emphasized that â€Å"the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were far more elaborate, precise, and destructive than any of these earlier assaults. But by September 2001, the executive branch of the U.S. government, the Congress, the news media, and the American public had received a clear warning that Islamist terrorists meant to kill Americans in high numbers† (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2004, par. 16). The seemingly isolated terrorist incidents should have been closely evaluated in terms of potential links and relatedness to future terrorist  plots.The Oklahoma City attack and the 1993 World Trade Center bombings reported far lesser casualties; as compared to those noted with the 9/11 attacks.

The Tea Industry In Bangladesh

The Tea Industry In Bangladesh Tea industry is an essential industry in Bangladesh, which brings a lot of foreign currency for Bangladesh. It is the cheapest, the most well-liked, refreshing non intoxicating widespread drinks. Tea was first cultivated in china. At the same time it was also started to grown in southeast India. Day by day the use of tea was expanding in the whole world especially in Europe, when the communication was established between the Asia and Europe. In Bangladesh first tea garden was Malnicherra and it is located in Sylhet. It was established in 1854. At present in Bangladesh there are 162 tea gardens. Five types of companies are involving in tea cultivation in Bangladesh. Sterling Company, National Tea Company, Bangladesh Tea Board, Private LTD Company and Proprietary. Own by Bangladeshi Nationals. In the tea gardens it is very important to dealing about human resources of the tea gardens. Because, the tea garden in the country are running only by the proper concentration and proper service given by the labors. A group of people in the Bangladesh are mostly related with this job. According to the BTB (Bangladesh Tea Board) at present 3, 50,314 populations are involved with the tea industry. From them the registered labor is 87,709 persons. There are some organizations in the Bangladesh whos helping the tea industry in a lot more. Those are BTRI (Bangladesh Tea Research Institute), PDU (Project Development Unit), BTB (Bangladesh Tea Board), BCS (Bangladesh Cha Sangsad) etc. At present there are lots of population are involved with this industry in Bangladesh. The most of the labors are illiterate. Sometimes they dont know how to write their name. The company arranges some training for them in very less time. The training and development programs in case of labors are not in sati sfactory level. They learn by doing their work. The labors are not conscious about their different facilities also. Some times some organizations come to make them inform about different conscious facilities. But most of the times they are not attend in the seminar or program. We suggest the management team to take step to make them aware about different facilities, from which they can be benefited. Labors health conditions are not also in a satisfactory level, because of high drinking of alcohol. But they are getting the free medical facilities from the company. Labors are also getting some other benefits such as Residential facility, Food, Education facility, Job Security and Entertainment facility. On the other hand to be a managerial level employee it is highly education is needed and sometimes it is needed to do some other courses with this high education. The employees are also getting some good facilities whatever they required. The tea industry is going to face some new chal lenges globally. Some new countries try to cultivate tea, which will be a threat to the countries like Bangladesh. So it is necessary for Bangladesh to keep looking on the new competitor. It is also necessary for Bangladesh to train the all employees of the industry with a scientific way, which can boost the production. The companies also need to look for the new technology. They also need to use the best machine for production. They also need to use the computer based technology to keep the data and all the required information. Statement of research problem rational for its study Human resource management ensures right people at right place at right time. It ensures the proper utilization of human resource in an organization. After acquiring theoretical knowledge, this study helped us to acquire practical knowledge. We know Sylhet is famous for tea production and there are many tea gardens in Sylhet. So to perform our study we choose Malnicherra Tea Estate which is very famous all over the Bangladesh. We choose Malnicherra because we know here thousand of labors are working under a single management, so to know how the management manages this huge number of labor and how they practice human resource activities within their organization. In this study we highlighted the training and development program of Malnicherra Tea Estate. Behind the selection of this topic there also some causes. As we all know in tea gardens most of the labors are illiterate and unskilled. Beside that Tea gardens are earning profit and expanding their business day by day. We thought th ere must be any mechanism behind this success, so from this attraction we decided to find out the mechanism by which Tea Estates are performing their daily operations and converting the unskilled employees into skilled employees and this is only possible by training and development program. 1.3 Conceptual Development Humans are the organizations greater assets; without them, everyday business function such as managing cash flow, making businesses transactions, communicating through all forms of media, and dealing with customers could not be completed. Humans and the potential they possess drive an organization. Todays organizations are continuously changing. Organizational change impacts not only the business but also its employees. In order to maximize organizational effectiveness, human potential individuals capabilities, time and talents must be managed. By studying we tend to know that Human Resource Management works to ensure that employees are able to meet the organizations goals. Human Resource Management is responsible for how people are treated in organizations. It is responsible for bringing people into the organization, helping them perform their work, compensating them for their labors and solving problems that arise. There are seven management functions of a human resources (HR) dep artment that will be specifically addressed: staffing, performance appraisals, compensation and benefits, training and development, employee and labor relations, safety and health, and human resource research. Prior to discussing the seven functions, it is necessary to understand the job analysis. An essential component of any HR unit, no matter the size, is the job analysis, which is completed to determine activities, skills, and knowledge required of an employee for a specific job. The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines. Therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. 1.4 Scope of the report For this study we went to Malnicherra tea Estate and talked to the Assistant manager, staffs and labor. We search on the websites; we also search some books. In this study we tried to find out the training and development program of the garden, recruitment process of the tea garden, the minimum requirements for getting a job in the garden, the amount of wages labors are getting and others factor related to the tea estate. We also tried to find out the method by which the management trained their employees and make them as their desired work force and which kind of problems management faces while arranging these training programs. 1.5 Objective of the report The purpose of this report is to know how human resources are managed in the organization. In Sylhet there are many tea gardens. A huge amount of human resources are involved with these gardens. That is why for our study purpose we have selected the Malnicherra tea garden. Primarily we focused on the training development program undertaken by the garden management. The other objectives of the report are as follows: To know the human resource management operation in the tea garden. To know the problems of the management they are facing with the labor. To know the problems labors are facing with their work. To know any changes or improvements, employees want for their work in the garden. To know whether management is arranging any program to improve the skill of their worker. To know on which basis management select labor for training. To know in which way management arrange training program for their labor. To know whether management is satisfied with the performance of the labor. To know the impact of training and development program. 1.6 Methodology For this study we conducted a survey. We prepared questionnaires for management and labors. We talked with the manager and officers those were available on that time. We also talked with the labors working on the field. We take some help from some books. We also used website for collecting information. 1.7 Data Sources We have used both primary and secondary data for this report. We collected primary data by means of questionnaire and personal interviews. We prepared questionnaires for managers and labors. We talked with the manager and other employees available on the garden. We also talked with labors and asked them several questions to know about their job. Mostly while collecting the data from the labor and employees we focused much on their training and development program arranged for them. For collecting secondary data we have searched websites, some books on human resource management and on tea gardens. Chapter 2: Organizational Profile Malnicherra Tea Estate is a historical tea garden. Malnicherra Tea Estate was first established in 1854 by under the British ownership. The first owner was Mr. Winston a British citizen. He run the state till the 1884. Then he sold the garden to another British citizen named Mr. J.T. Bull in 1884. Mr. J.T. Bull run the organization from 1884-1919. In 1919 he sold the garden to Mr. F. Flurence who holds the garden from 1919-1925. In 1919 Mr. F. Flurence sold it to Mr. J. Mintu. Mr. J. Mintu owned the garden fro 1925-1927. In 1927 Mr. G.P. Stuwart bought the garden from Mr. J. Mintu and owned the garden till 1930. In 1930 Mr. H. Peterson bought the garden from Mr. J.P. Stuwart and owned it till 1951. In 1951 Mr. G.M.C. Brush bought the garden and run under his ownership till 1953. But when the British left this subcontinent then he sold the garden to a Pakistani citizen named Mr. Z. A. Molla. In 1963 another Pakistani citizen named Mr. S. Khan bought the garden from Mr. Z.A. Khan and o wned it till 1968. In 1969 Mr. A. Rahim bought the garden and run it till the 1970. Mr. I. A. Siddiki was the last Pakistani owner of the Malnicherra Tea Estate before the independence of Bangladesh. After the independence of Bangladesh, Malnicherra came under the ownership of Bangladeshi citizens. In 1983 Khondokar Gush got the ownership of the Malnicherra Tea Estate but they were not able to make any improvement of the estate. As a result there raised many problems within the garden and that is why in 1987 Mr. Khondokar Gush decided to sell the garden and at that Mr. Ragib Ali the present owner of Malnicherra Tea Estate came forward to buy the garden. Mr. Ragib Ali with his hard work and intelligence made a huge improvement of the garden and turned it into a A category tea estate. Now at present the total number of tea plants is approximately 9-10 laks and production per hector is 1985 kg. 2.3 Historical Background: Tea Tea Culture Tea is the cheapest, the most popular, refreshing non alcoholic universal drinks. The scientific name of tea is Camellia sinensis. Its about 4000 years ago, tea was first nurtured in china. At the same time it was also started to grown in southeast India. Day by day the use of tea was expanding in the whole world especially in Europe, when the communication was established between the Asia and Europe. Tea was first imported in Europe during the beginning of sixteenth century. Holland was the first country that imported tea in Europe first during the beginning of the sixteenth century. After that the England started to import tea in their country and the time is in between mid and last of the sixteenth century. The first actual written reference to tea may have been in a 5th century B.C. poem entitled the Lament of the discarded wife. In this poem, Confucius referred to a certain type of plant that is now generally referred to be tea. However the first officially confirmed written rec ord of tea, or cha as the Chinese call it, can be found in the biography of a Chinese government officials, who died in 273 A.D. whatever teas origins, the people know that by the 6th century A.D. Tea drinking and Tea cultivation were common place in china. Early tea drinkers used the beverage to cure a wide range of digestive and nervous weakness. A tea poultice was also used to alleviate pain and the swelling of the joints. In some remote areas farmer used to compressed block of tea as currency, a kind of black gold, that could be traded for food and livestock. In 780 A.D. the Chinese government introduces the first tea tax, bearing witness to teas widespread use, not only as a medical remedy but also as refreshing drinks. By this time, tea had spread to Japan where, during the next few centuries, tae drinking evolved into a serene and highly stylish natural, commonly known as the Japanese tea ceremony. Tea didnt reach Europe until 1610, when the Dutch began to import it fro China . When tea first arrived in the Netherlands, it often cost huge money. Hostesses from the best families in Holland had tea parties, where more cups of tea was served to each guest along with cakes and pipes tobacco for smoking. As these ostentatious gatherings, people added sugar and saffron to their tea, while loudly sipping the drink from the saucer. By the late 17th century, tea had become popular in England. Intellectuals, politicians and other members of the upper classes drank tea, which is still expensive, in London coffeehouses. In the early 18th century, Thomas Twining, a coffee houses owner, took advantage of this trend, and opened store that sold tea by weight. This business, Twining of London, survives today and is now managed by Sam twining, a ninth generations member of the family. Thanks in part to this one familys marketing ability; it was not long before English people from all walks of life were drinking their cuppa tea. 2.4 Tea in Bangladesh at a glance No of Tea states Malnicherra is the first tea garden in Sylhet and also first tea garden in Bangladesh. It was established in 1854. At the first time the tea production was not so satisfactory. At the first time the total land area was not so large and that is why the production was not so good. At present there are 125 tea gardens in the Sylhet. Those tea gardens are situated in the three district areas in the greater Sylhet. The establishment year and first tea gardens of those three gardens are in the below. Sylhet (Malnicherra Tea Estate ):1854 Hobigonj (Lalchand Tea Estate): 1860 Moulvibazar (Meertinga Tea Estate): 1860 2.7 Mission Statement of Malnicherra tea Estate Every organization has a specific mission behind its establishment. Malnicherra Tea Estate also has some mission for which it is performing its activities. The mission of Malnicherra Tea Estate are given as under, To create employment for local people. To protect this historical place. To fulfill the demand of tea in Bangladesh. To earn foreign currency by exporting tea. Contribution to the GDP. To enrich the tea industry of Bangladesh. 2.8 Organizational Vision of Malnicherra tea Estate The organizational vision for Malnicherra Tea Estate is very high but achievable. Organizational visions for the next 15 years are listed as under. Now Malnicherra is producing 1985 kg per hector but the management want to produce 3000 kg per hector within the next 10 years. The management of Malnicherra Tea Estate wants to achieve the sustainable market leadership. With the quantity they also want to improve the quality of tea leaves. Create new market for Tea. Create a competent labor force. 2.9 Objective of Malnicherra tea Estate To achieve the organizational vision Malnicherra Tea Estate sets some objectives which are as follows, To achieve the vision the management expects 10-15% development each year. In production they expects 30% growth rate each year. Proper maintenance of tea plant. Bring new place under tea plantation. Introduce new high productive plants. Remove the old plants. Implement new technology in the production. 2.10 Organogram: Malnicherra tea Estate The organizational structure of Malnicherra Tea estate is as follows, In this organization the top level position is occupied by the manager and under his position there lies five assistant managers. Among them two are senior assistant manager and the rests are junior assistant managers. Under every assistant manager there lies the staff and under the staff the next position is the labor leader who leads a group of forty workers. Under the labor leader there exist the general workers and this way line of authority is maintained in Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet. Staff Their primary product is black tea. At present Malnicherra is producing tea on 530 hector land area and their total area of land is 1008.52 hector. At present Malnicherra is producing eight types of finished black tea. They are highlighted as under. With the primary product Malnicherra also producing some other crops by diversifying some land which are not suitable for tea plantation. The diversified products are as under, Rubber Rubber is one of the profitable diversified product for Malnicherra Tea Estate. It is started from 1990. At present 874 acres land is under rubber plantation. Malnicherra is producing 1.5 lacks kgs rubber per year. Jackfruit It is also a kind of diversified crops fro Malnicherra Tea Estate. Now at present there are about 30-40 thousand jackfruit trees on 26.78 hectors land. Fishery Malnicherra also established their fishery project on 3 acres land. This fishery project satisfying the local demands for fish and also earning profit for the garden. Battle nut Now at present there are 1 lack battle nut trees on 10 acres land in Malnicherra Tea Estate. Orange Malnicherra Tea Estate also produces orange within their garden area. Now they have 600 orange plants on 5 acres land area. 2.12 Location of Corporate office 67, Motijeel Commercial Area Dhaka. Chapter 3: HRM aspects of the Organization Introduction (HRD) Human resources of Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet. HRM practices of Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet. 3.1 Introduction Malnicherra Tea Estate is a renowned tea estate in Bangladesh. In Malnicherra there are about 1100 workers are employed in various level. Though Malnicherra manage its huge its employees in the traditional way. In Malnicherra there is no departmental set up for human resource management. But the Manager of the estate A. K. M. Zafr Ullah informally deals with the human resource aspects of the organization. In this case we can say he is responsible for the overall human resource practices of Malnicherra. 3.2 Human resources of Malnicherra Tea Estate Human resources for management level in Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet is as under, Here we will focus on the HRM practices of Malnicherra Tea Estate. To collect data on HRM practices in Malnicherra Tea Estate we talked to the management and employee of the organization. They are described briefly as under, Job analysis In malnicherra the authority also perform the job analysis for various level of job. This practice depends on the position of the job. To collect job analysis information the mainly use the observation method. In this process the manager and assistant manager visit the field and observe the activities of their workers and observe whether any labor waste their time doing other things or not. In collecting the job analysis information the manager listed the duties and responsibilities of his employees and compares his performance with the performance standard. In Malnicherra they observe both the qualitative and quantitative performance of their employees. Recruitment and Selection The minimum qualification for the top and middle level managers is at least graduation. Preference is given to agriculture, botany background. One individual has to be strong and hardworking also. The recruitment process for clerical staff is interview (written and viva). In Malnicherra two types of labors are recruited; permanent and casual. Basically no specific policy we have found and they also take oral interview and the physical fitness. Some times experience is also preferred. It is interesting that in case of lower level labor the management doesnt need to go outside of the garden because they can get the labor from the family of their existing labor. It is a kind of hereditary method. Training and Development The training and development programs are arranged for the management staff. These training and development programs are arranged by PDU (Project Development Unit), BMDC (Bangladesh Management Development Unit), and BTRI (Bangladesh Tea Research Institute) under BTB (Bangladesh Tea Board). The Malnicherra Tea Estate provides both on the job and off the job training to the employees. The middle and top level managers are getting different training and development program and it is in satisfactory level. The employees are getting different types of training program from the PDU, BMDC, and BTRI under BTB. Now the managers receives two years diploma course. The course has been upgraded and before it was a certificate course. But the training and development programs in case of labors are not in satisfactory level. They learn by doing their work. Sometimes vocational training is arranged for the workers but the participation is very low. Performance appraisal In Malnicherra Tea Estate performance appraisal is generally performed on the basis of production capability of labors. In case of labors they are given certain level of production so they have to fulfill that level for ensuring good performance. Their performance also depends on the quality of plucking the tea leaves from the tea plants. The management also provides incentives for the labors who perform well in their job. In the management level performance appraisal is measured by the attentiveness of employees, their behavior, teamwork ability and ability to fulfill their assigned duties and responsibilities. Compensation Package The employees get monthly payment. Besides this they receives residential facilities, profit bonus, festival bonus. They also receive some additional facilities such as education allowances, medical facility, transport facility etc. the workers are paid weekly. The workers wage rate is Tk.30 per day in Malnicherra Tea Estate. Besides this they are getting the following facilities and allowances. The workers get ration at the rate of TK. 1.30 per kg rice. Workers get this on the basis of member, work and age. One worker can get ration for his three dependent. The labors are getting free accommodation in the garden. The children of the workers are getting free education up to primary level. The workers are also getting free medical services. They also get incentives in two major religious festivals. The workers get casual leave, annual leave, sick leave etc. Beside these the workers also get some allowances. Those allowances are highlighted in the below: Factory workers allowances: Factory workers get basic Tk. 1.10 per day. Jugali sardar allowances: Jugali sardar gets basic Tk. 9.50 per day. Risk allowances: A sum of Tk. 2.10 per day is given to the workers as risk allowances for spraying insecticides. Sick leave and sick allowances: A worker get 20 days sick leave with allowances. The worker gets half basic pay plus full D. A. Incentive bonus: The workers get incentive bonus in two equal installments in two major religious festivals. The rates are For daily rated workers: Male: Tk. 500 per annum. Female: Tk. 500 per annum. Adolescent: Tk. 480 per annum. For monthly rated workers: Male: Tk. 615 per annum. Female: Tk. 615 per annum. Retirement allowances: After retirement the workers get retirement allowance. As retirement allowance the monthly rated workers get Tk. 55 and daily rated workers get Tk. 39. Labor relations In Malnicherra the relation between the management and labor is healthy but this is not stable. But the management is very conscious about this factor and they always try to solve any problem by negotiation. There is a labor union within Malnicherra Tea Estate. The management always tried to fulfill the labor demand through discussing matters with the labor union. But still the employees are not satisfied then they can go to the higher level authority. Employee safety and health In Malnicherra the employees are getting the safety facilities both on the job and of the job. On the job they are getting the needed tools to perform their job such as mask, glaps etc and off the job they are getting residential safety, food safety etc. The employees as well as the labors are getting free medical service in the garden. In each garden we have found dispensary with one doctor, nurse, and medical assistances. These dispensaries are providing the primary aid but in case of emergency the authority transfers the patient to M.A.G. Osmany Medical College Sylhet and bears all the cost. Chapter 4: Training Development Program in Malnicherra The selected job description. Development program for the job. 4.1 Selected job description In this section we selected a position in Malnicherra Tea Estate. Here we choose the position of the manager and briefly described his work activities in Malnicherra Tea Estate as a manager. Name of the job holder: Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah. Position: Manager. As a manager the topmost position of the organization Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah has to perform numerous duties and responsibilities. He doesnt have any particular boundary to perform his duties. Here we highlighted some work activities of Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah which he generally performs as a manger. Policy maker: Time to time with the changing situation and needs of the organization organizations requires new policy, rules and regulations and this policies is formulated by the manager. Decision Maker: Any kind of decision major or minor relating to any matters within the organization is made by the manager. Target setter: Every organization has some target and it is selected by the manager in the beginning of the year. In setting the target for Malnicherra Tea Estate he arranged a meeting and discuss with his colleague and staff. Relation developer: He also has to develop the relation between the management and labor within the garden. He also has to maintain a healthy relation with other external parities outside the Malnicherra Tea Estate. Recruit human resource: He also has to forecast the need of human resources in the organization. After that he also has to make plan for hiring new employee or not. Budget maker: Every year Malnicherra prepared an income expenditure budget for a year. This budget is prepared under the supervision of the manager. Monitor overall activities: The manager also has to monitor the overall performance of his stuffs and labors. He has to coordinate overall activities of the garden to meet the goal. Field work: Beside the administrative job he also regularly visits various spots of the garden and monitors the activities of the workers and the development progress of the garden. Motivate employees: This is one of the most important tasks for a manger. As a manager he also has to motivate his employees to give their best for the success of the organization. To do so he has to take various approaches. Action programs: As a manager Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah also has to make the action programs for the estate throughout the whole year. The success of the organization depends on this action programs. 4.2 Development program for the job In our study we have explored the duties and responsibilities of the manager of Malnicherra Tea Estate. Now we will focus on the development program arranged by the garden for this position. In the tea estates this development program are generally arranged by the Project Development Unit (PDU), Bangladesh Management Development Council (BMDC) and Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) under Bangladesh Tea Board (BTB). In the development program for managerial level they generally use the off the job training method to develop the skill of the manager. In off the job training method the manager get several kinds of development programs. Off the job training programs includes, University related program. Seminars. Views Sharing. Case Study. Selection method for development program To select candidates for the development program the respective institutions such as Project Development Unit (PDU), British DHD observe the performance standard of the managers and then arrange face to face interview. After the interview they take IQ test of the manager then they select some candidates for the development programs who met their desired standard. Methods of development program In the development program various institutions arrange several types of programs for the managers of tea estate. They are briefly describes as under, University related program In this type of program the respective institution arrange various university related diploma course and send the managers to the university to complete the course. In Malnicherra BMDC arrange this kind of university related program. The cost is also beard by the garden. Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah the manager of Malnicherra Tea estate also attended a two years diploma course on Tea Estate Management from a university in USA. This diploma course helps him to develop his skill on labor relation, labor act, labor law implementation, responsibility allocation, recruitment of labors etc. Seminars PDU, BMDC etc institutions also arrange seminar program for the managers. These kinds of seminars also develop the views of managers. These are arranged often throughout the year. On this seminar the managers get knowledge about the new labor laws, technology, diseases etc. So this seminar helps them to take decisions in their garden. In this kind of seminars the managers can also express their views about any particular matters. Views sharing In this method the managers get the chance to share their views with others coming from various tea estates inside and outside the country. It helps the managers to get knowledge about new problems and affairs. Here the development institutions arrange visiting program for the manger to other country or estate to