History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay Essay Example

History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay Essay Leisure can be defined as the procedure whereby everyone gets freedom from drawn-out responsibilities and mundane occupations. Roberts describes leisure as the comparatively freely chosen non-work country of life . This shows that leisure can be done anytime or when the organic structure call for it. The demand of diversion is invariably increasing, hence leisure suppliers try to make every bit much as possible to pull people and do all sorts of net income in all the ways they can. The leisure proviso can be divided into two sectors: foremost one is public which is provided by the authorities. Torkildsen ( 2005, p.131 ) describes it as provided by a public authorization or by statute law for the general usage of public . The 2nd 1 is commercial sector, presented by private industries that are willing to give luxury leisure in return for money. However, their purpose is to derive financial net income and an equal return of investing Tordkilsen ( 2005, p.193 ) . As we have been ask ed to compose about leisure suppliers in this essay we will be looking through the history of the two sectors that are involved in the subject, by discoursing the different types of organisations within them and stating who benefits from it by seeking to explicate why these sectors run leisure installations. History of public and commercial leisure proviso We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Public And Commercial Leisure Provision Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Leisure existed during ancient period as portion of mundane life. Equally shortly as it attracted more people, different suppliers of amusement have emerged. First marks of this division are dated on eighteenth century. In this period nobility provided sole athletics like fox-hunting, horse-racing, hiting, to those who were socially qualified Cunningham ( 1980, p.17 ) . In other words, it was for affluent people that frequently possessed a land. In these fortunes gentlemen ( people from in-between category ) and besides aristocracy ( those who had independent income but no land ) created their ain nines and frequently met in assembly suites. Taverns and public houses provided leisure for laborers, little makers and hapless people. Among them the most favorite amusements were dog-fights, cock-fights or bull-beatings. The 2nd half of eighteenth century to 19th has brought important societal and industrial alterations, which besides had an impact on leisure proviso. During this clip people were traveling from small towns and little towns to metropoliss. It caused overcrowding, addition of offense, poorness and longer hours of work. Peoples could non bask leisure and infinite as they used to make. The most common behaviors were imbibing and chancing. That is why of import reforms had to take topographic point. The nineteenth century has changed people s believing about what the leisure truly was. Reformers were profoundly concerned about three different facets which include public assistance of kids, urban life with no chance for healthy exercising and diversion and encouraging authoritiess to move against societal unfairness and adversity of multitudes. As a consequence of that betterment, authorities has created Physical Training and Recreation Act 1937, which enabled people entree to the leisure installations. Employers recognized the importance of supplying leisure to their employees and they started to make societal and athleticss nines in order to carry through their demands. In twentieth century besides people from working category started to demand leisure. Public baths, houses and music halls became available non merely for affluent people, but besides for those poorer. Leisure gained more acknowledgment after the debut of film, witness athleticss and telecasting, which came finally as a consequence of two World Wars. Finally, in 1960 the existent image of leisure was developed as we know it today. Different organisations within public and commercial sector In current times, we can see clear division of leisure suppliers. The sectors we will be discoursing are public sector and commercial one as a portion of the private sector. Both sectors provides leisure and diversion installations in a broad scope. Public sector organisations are those owned by the authorities. This can be national authorities or local authorities Tribe, J. ( 2005, p.26 ) Beginning: Adapted from Tribe J. , ( 2005, p.25 ) Facilities which are provided by public sector are accessible to us in two different ways. First, is an entree without any fee. Examples of them are urban Parkss, resort areas, libraries, picnic countries, nature trails, beaches and state Parkss. They are supported with rates and revenue enhancements we pay to concerned governments. The other manner of acquiring those services is to pay in order to utilize them. These installations include swimming pools, playing Fieldss, golf classs, marinas, humanistic disciplines Centres, theaters and athleticss Centres. If the leisure is non provided by local governments, it may include troubles in affording those installations. Young people would non hold an entree to their civilization and use of unfastened land for other intents like supermarkets and auto Parkss etc. That is why cardinal authorities provides leisure unfastened for general usage. This regulating organic structure is responsible for doing determinations on major policy and establishes the manner in which local authorities can move. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister is a nexus between Local and Central authoritiess. Therefore, it has important influence on leisure itself. For case, the ODPM is responsible for be aftering betterments such as increasing criterions of leisure installations. Another of import section in cardinal authorities is DCMS ( Department of Culture, Media and Sport ) . This section has a duty of supplying policy on: The Humanistic disciplines, athletics, The National Lottery, libraries, museums and galleries, broadcast medium, movie, imperativeness freedom and ordinance, The Historic Environment and touristry. Another sector, which is engaged in supplying leisure, is private sector. Although it is divided for volunteer, which is non-profit devising and commercial, our instance of survey will be merely the commercial portion of it. Private sector organisations are those which are non-government-owned. They can be farther sub-divided into profit-making organisations and nonprofit organisations Tribe, J. ( 2005, p.26 ) Beginning: Adapted from Tribe J. , ( 2005, p.25 ) Commercial sector is a portion of private sector which does non include voluntary organisations. Their activity is chiefly directed to do fiscal net income from users of those services. They try to run into the demand of consumers but it is really difficult to make it on current market. The chief intent of commercial sector is to accomplish a fiscal net income or equal return of investing. It does non except benefit in other sectors, but their predominant purposes are different. Examples of commercial market are sport nines, squash nines, bowling, themed eating houses, amusement Parkss, vacation cantonments or film. Commercial organisations do non hold an intrinsic involvement in leisure and diversion, in and of itself, but in leisure as a beginning of net income Torkildsen, G. ( 2004, p. 249 ) There is a correlativity between both sectors mentioned supra. When commercial sector creates new market, it tries to make the highest degree of productiveness. After that, when they have to put more money once more, it is more good for them to make a new market instead than put spending on the old 1. In these fortunes commercial sector puts strive on public sector, because the demand has been created already. If commercial sector do non desire to work on it any longer, public sector is expected to make it. Commercial sector is frequently run by enterprisers. There are 1000s of concerns involved in commercial sector, but they have been taken over by transnational companies. As a consequence of this the picks of merchandises that are sold in the market are limited. In order to cut down hazard factor in current economic recession period, concern people have to sell the concerns in which they may non be good but concentrate on a perpendicular supply concatenation. Both sectors have to pull possible clients or lose net income. In the past both sectors dealt with different activities of their ain scope, but now they have been overlapped in most portion of their concern. Who benefits Leisure is something that people indulge in their mundane life ; harmonizing to Doggett and OMahoney ( 1991, p.23 ) it is of import because it enhances the quality of life in society . Leisure is an activity that can take topographic point anyplace. Roberts ( 1978, p.125 ) says individuals can utilize their leisure for diversion. Alternatively, nevertheless, they can pass their clip and money in their households, on their places, in instruction and other mainstream establishments . Elaborating on this, it shows that people can take whatever manner they wanted to pass their leisure clip without being disturbed. The two types of sectors we have, public and commercial, exist to give amusement to local communities. But although they have the same premise, they both offer assorted sorts of amusement ( as mentioned above ) and both give benefit in their ain different ways. Commercial suppliers invest in and pull off public sector installations ; the populace sector offers high quality wellness and fittingness chances, which have traditionally been offered by the commercial sector, while the voluntary and commercial sector are get downing to set up partnerships chiefly for the benefit of clients of commercial installations The Higher Education Academy ( 2005 ) [ Online ] . Still, it is largely the people in the leisure industry that benefit the most, particularly within the commercial sector, which is a dominant one in United Kingdom, as they provide leisure and service in return of money. Commercial sector is directed towards two groups of clients: those with disposable income and tourer. They as the affluent people are able to do bigger net income for the company. This sector merely give price reductions or purchase a bundle and acquire the other free or half monetary value. It is a wholly net income orientated portion of leisure industry. However, most clients get refund, if they did non bask the leisure that was provided for them by the companies. On the other manus, it gives a batch of chances every bit far as employment is concerned, this sector delivers it. Furthermore, it revenues income from abroad and drives development within the state. Practical advice for concern [ Online ] . Public sector is provided by the authorities and local governments in order to give equality to people, to do leisure accessible for those, who can non afford it it raises the quality of life. Among leisure there are many athleticss installations which help its users to remain healthy and fit, for illustration by undertaking fleshiness. Public sector is besides responsible for enabling the handicapped entree to these installations. What is more, it supplies several sorts of price reductions for assorted sorts of people. One of them is free theaters entry for people under 26 old ages, to promote them to utilize that leisure installation and to do them more familiar to the civilization. Besides the aged ( over 75 ) have a cheaper entree to many services. There are many local societies within this sector, like Woodhouse Road Family Life Centre for illustration, which is a group that brings together older people from the local community The Higher Education Academy ( 2005 ) [ Online ] . Older people can go to the meetings to hold merriment and remain active and sociable The Higher Education Academy ( 2005 ) [ Online ] . So, in public sector it is non merely approximately assorted installations, sometimes merely common support is adequate. It is directed toward socially excluded people people are out of work, with low income and cultural and handicapped communities. By and large, this sector is responsible for supplying leisure to everybody for free, so every participant is the 1 who receives a benefit. There is besides a batch of support from European Union. Governments can acquire grants to do an betterment within their states and local governments are besides able to develop leisure installations within the metropoliss. This makes citizens proud of the topographic point they live ; they have more topographic points to travel to and to entertain themselves. Such actions decrease vandalism by cut downing anti societal behavior and attract tourer and event co-ordinations. Specific grounds why public and commercial sector run leisure installations Local governments and societies play indispensable function in supplying, back uping and developing leisure and athleticss chances. As local authorization have different types of wellness services such as free consultancy and distribution of drugs ( medical specialty ) to the people in demand. However local authorization is the of import portion of a borough that keeps in touch with leisure and recreational activities. They are responsible for scheduling new betterment for protecting the environment and for bettering the quality of life through local conveyance enterprises or better green infinites. In kind, local governments have a important direct impact on the success of communities. Public sectors truly assist to developed new supports to the people such as best athletic development and supply support for developing new athletics policies. Sports and recreational comfortss are offered by together private and public sectors. Mostly wellness Centres and fittingness nines are organized by local governments in the local countries. Harmonizing to visitant study by Tourism South East 2004/05 Leisure and Recreation [ Online ] in England about 13.5 million tourers visited The National Park. The National Park provides a most popular entertaining resource for the visitants populating within and around the country, and besides attracts several tourer from corner to corner of southern England and on a national graduated table as good. New developments within leisure besides have positive impact of other ways ; Leisure and diversion contributes can alter the image of a metropolis and lead to increased private nest eggs. The chief ground behind the being of commercial sector is to do a net income. Commercial sector is responsible for presenting quality services for the people with disposable income. Besides the peculiar installation s like swimming pools, which require a batch of care, are merely provided by commercial sector. The ground for the proviso of swimming pools by commercial sector is that they have got sufficient sum of money for the care work. As the competition is inevitable in this sector so they are concentrating more on the quality of services. These sectors run leisure services because off several grounds such as making consciousness and maintaining society healthy. Harmonizing to Miller the globalisation of athletics has besides created hyper-competitive worldwide milieus where many states try to happen their minute of celebrity on the universe athletics phase. Hoye et Al, ( 2009, p.17 ) . It is of import that local communities have entree to scope of amusement, humanistic disciplines, athleticss and recreational installations for enjoyment. Local councils provide broad scope of leisure and athleticss services including athleticss pitches, playing Fieldss and resort areas. Local governments provide public Parkss and unfastened infinites for older citizen and people in demand. Humanistic disciplines centres locales and theaters, galleries and museums are besides run by local communities. Local governments besides conduct assorted festivals, featuring and civilization events. Supplying leisure comfortss from local constitut ion are really good for native people. As local governments have assortment of amusement and relaxation activities. Peoples can happen all installations easy and cheaper so pull offing on themselves. Local governments will actuate people towards healthy life manner, by puting more money in athletics and leisure installations. Local governments ever have great emphasizes on advancing leisure and athleticss in the local countries. Decisions After all of our considerations about the given subject, we came to the undermentioned decisions. Leisure is non a new phenomenon ; it has been bing as a portion and package of our lives since antediluvian times. There is a broad scope of different organisations covering with the proviso of leisure and diversion installations. The services provided by local governments are easy accessible to each category of community. On the other manus, leisure installations provided by commercial sector are for those people, who have disposable income. The services provided by both sectors constitute to the high quality of life and state s wellness. It is good to put in both sectors as they are turning dramatically and the demands and demands of the people would be enduring in approaching hereafter. From the Travel and Tourism point of position, we can state that, tourers are able to utilize merely a few services, provided by local governments or voluntary sector, but they can utilize all the inst allations provided by commercial sector as every installation is available to them after payment. Equally far as Events sentiment is concerned, the state of affairs here looks similar to the one above. Peoples take parting in events can bask those provided by both public and commercial sector every bit, even if they are non citizens of given topographic point.

Roswell

Roswell There's a key difference between the skeptical/scientific outlook and the paranormal/pseudoscientific approach: practitioners of the latter tend to persist in their cherished beliefs regardless of all evidence casting doubt on them. Let's look at one case in which a supposed mystery had been solved, yet continue to be promoted as if ordinary solutions were unknown, and the question still remains; Did it happen? The most famous of all UFO and alien stories is that of Roswell, made legend in movies, television shows and hundreds of books. According to the story, the U.S. government and armed forces have tried to hide the crash of an extraterrestrial spaceship outside Roswell, New Mexico, in July 1947. Some versions of the tale claim alien bodies were recovered and the crashed alien craft was secretly "reverse-engineered" by government scientists to give us such technological advances as the integrated circuits used by today's computers.Roswell, NMThe majority of the public would like t o believe in the idea that Roswell never happened, but that may not be the case.There are two many underlining factors that point to the fact that Roswell did occur. The debris retrieved from the site of the "crashed flying saucer" near Roswell, all the evidence recovered, the government cover-up of what actually transpired, and the witnesses who must have seen the incident upclose. But never has a credible witness - out of the thousands who must have been involved over the years in keeping the secret of the United States holding and researching extraterrestrial bodies and spacecraft - ever come forward. Never in five decades has a piece of hard evidence been found to support the ET claims. And meanwhile a very reasonable explanation has been offered to cover all the facts. Yet the hype about Roswell persists. So you be...

Improvement of Danones Purchasing and Supply Management Assignment

Improvement of Danones Purchasing and Supply Management - Assignment Example Secondly, Danone has a major weakness in availing products to consumers at the right time. This is because of the lack of efficient distribution mechanisms. This has triggered the firms to formulate distribution channels such as door-to-door, but Danone has not achieved maximum efficiency where consumers can receive goods instantly. Danone has an objective of ensuring that products reach the consumer in the best possible conditions and at the best price (Danone Par 1). Therefore, Danone may have to adopt collaborative distribution both at the urban and rural levels in order to further develop and improve its purchasing and supply management. This means that Danone will have to partner with other organizations to aid in the process of order delivery. With this, the company will be able to facilitate home delivery and pick-up efficiently in rural and urban areas (Capgemin 46).   Danone will have to adopt Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), in future to   monitor goods from the p oint of supply to the final consumer. This technology is expected to reduce the delay of goods from production to consumption points. It will also enable Danone’s managers to identify the points where goods are required, and determine the length of time that it will take the goods to reach clients. With the aid of an electronic chip which will be attached to goods immediately, they are acquired from the supplier; information will be sent to the company about the state and location of goods (Scott, Lundgren and Thompson 95). Consequently, this will reduce delays in goods delivery. This is because managers will be able to monitor the location of goods, and they may fasten the distribution process when demand is high. Danone can also manage the relationships between buyers and sellers to improve its purchase and supply management. This will involve the strengthening of relationships between these parties. The relationships would be strengthened by holding conferences through the information system (Scott, Lundgren and Thompson 97). Buyers would understand the processes at the supplier’s point, and this understanding would create long-term relationships with sellers. Consequently, the long-term relationships would guarantee the firm supply of all products, and this would reduce the shortage. In addition, Danone would have to adopt electronic distribution would reduce delay and increase customer satisfaction (Scott, Lundgren and Thompson 101). This will improve the purchasing and supply management of the company by allowing customers to purchase goods on-line, and have the goods delivered to their door steps.

Industrial Revolution Capitalism and Communism Essay

Industrial Revolution Capitalism and Communism - Essay Example Subsequently, this labor force could not be made to fit itself inside the dimensions of medieval economy that used to be fully controlled by the monarchs, businessmen, and noblemen. Hence, labor organization against the medieval structure of laissez faire led to significant change in industrial and economic relations influencing the society as a whole (Goloboy, 2006). In examining that how the workers’ lives were altered by industrialization, we must say that the workers had to acquire newer skill sets, work for longer, and function production oriented without rest and entertainment. Factory owners chose to exploit them and society changed rapidly. Workers were now underpaid, they lived in factory system, and state became a managing committee of the business owners (Carlton, 1920). Second, mechanization of production processes the number of people working in the factories. The lifestyle in agrarian economy was drastically different from that in the industrial economy. This led to extensive urban development since changes in lifestyle increased ambition and consumption of the masses. After initial hurdles, urban development led to social mixing, abolition of obsolete traditions, and innovation of shorter and simpler social customs, rituals, formalities, etc. But the economic differences between the owners and the workers began to become steeper along with these developments. Owners continued to become richer and workers continued to become poorer. During and after industrial revolution, a new class of businessmen emerged who have enough capital, which they could use to build factories and experiment with different methods production engineering and fund research. This weakened the economic control of monarchs, although no significant political change took place. Hence, a powerful business class – the capitalists emerged, who established the system of capitalism (Goloboy, 2006). Relationship between the working class and the owners was

Homeland Security Organization and Administration Case Study

Homeland Security Organization and Administration - Case Study Example The attacks provided the realization of the need to integrate and unify efforts towards defending the country from security threats and identify all the lapses in protecting the nation against terrorist attacks. As such, the DHS was formed with the following purpose, to wit: â€Å"by largely transforming and realigning the current confusing patchwork of government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland. The creation of a Department of Homeland Security is one more key step in the President’s national strategy for homeland security† (Department of Homeland Security, 2002, p. 1). The creation of the DHS through the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) was therefore instituted with the aim of enhancing and duly communicating awareness to impending threats through a system of color codes, according to potential risks and levels of terrorist attacks – from yellow, orange to red (DHS, n.d.). Likewise, on April 20, 2011, it was announced that this system was replaced by the â€Å"National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS)—a robust terrorism advisory system that provides timely information to the public about credible terrorist threats and replaces the former color-coded alert system† (DHS, n.d., p. 1). It was likewise emphasized that â€Å"the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were far more elaborate, precise, and destructive than any of these earlier assaults. But by September 2001, the executive branch of the U.S. government, the Congress, the news media, and the American public had received a clear warning that Islamist terrorists meant to kill Americans in high numbers† (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2004, par. 16). The seemingly isolated terrorist incidents should have been closely evaluated in terms of potential links and relatedness to future terrorist  plots.The Oklahoma City attack and the 1993 World Trade Center bombings reported far lesser casualties; as compared to those noted with the 9/11 attacks.

The Tea Industry In Bangladesh

The Tea Industry In Bangladesh Tea industry is an essential industry in Bangladesh, which brings a lot of foreign currency for Bangladesh. It is the cheapest, the most well-liked, refreshing non intoxicating widespread drinks. Tea was first cultivated in china. At the same time it was also started to grown in southeast India. Day by day the use of tea was expanding in the whole world especially in Europe, when the communication was established between the Asia and Europe. In Bangladesh first tea garden was Malnicherra and it is located in Sylhet. It was established in 1854. At present in Bangladesh there are 162 tea gardens. Five types of companies are involving in tea cultivation in Bangladesh. Sterling Company, National Tea Company, Bangladesh Tea Board, Private LTD Company and Proprietary. Own by Bangladeshi Nationals. In the tea gardens it is very important to dealing about human resources of the tea gardens. Because, the tea garden in the country are running only by the proper concentration and proper service given by the labors. A group of people in the Bangladesh are mostly related with this job. According to the BTB (Bangladesh Tea Board) at present 3, 50,314 populations are involved with the tea industry. From them the registered labor is 87,709 persons. There are some organizations in the Bangladesh whos helping the tea industry in a lot more. Those are BTRI (Bangladesh Tea Research Institute), PDU (Project Development Unit), BTB (Bangladesh Tea Board), BCS (Bangladesh Cha Sangsad) etc. At present there are lots of population are involved with this industry in Bangladesh. The most of the labors are illiterate. Sometimes they dont know how to write their name. The company arranges some training for them in very less time. The training and development programs in case of labors are not in sati sfactory level. They learn by doing their work. The labors are not conscious about their different facilities also. Some times some organizations come to make them inform about different conscious facilities. But most of the times they are not attend in the seminar or program. We suggest the management team to take step to make them aware about different facilities, from which they can be benefited. Labors health conditions are not also in a satisfactory level, because of high drinking of alcohol. But they are getting the free medical facilities from the company. Labors are also getting some other benefits such as Residential facility, Food, Education facility, Job Security and Entertainment facility. On the other hand to be a managerial level employee it is highly education is needed and sometimes it is needed to do some other courses with this high education. The employees are also getting some good facilities whatever they required. The tea industry is going to face some new chal lenges globally. Some new countries try to cultivate tea, which will be a threat to the countries like Bangladesh. So it is necessary for Bangladesh to keep looking on the new competitor. It is also necessary for Bangladesh to train the all employees of the industry with a scientific way, which can boost the production. The companies also need to look for the new technology. They also need to use the best machine for production. They also need to use the computer based technology to keep the data and all the required information. Statement of research problem rational for its study Human resource management ensures right people at right place at right time. It ensures the proper utilization of human resource in an organization. After acquiring theoretical knowledge, this study helped us to acquire practical knowledge. We know Sylhet is famous for tea production and there are many tea gardens in Sylhet. So to perform our study we choose Malnicherra Tea Estate which is very famous all over the Bangladesh. We choose Malnicherra because we know here thousand of labors are working under a single management, so to know how the management manages this huge number of labor and how they practice human resource activities within their organization. In this study we highlighted the training and development program of Malnicherra Tea Estate. Behind the selection of this topic there also some causes. As we all know in tea gardens most of the labors are illiterate and unskilled. Beside that Tea gardens are earning profit and expanding their business day by day. We thought th ere must be any mechanism behind this success, so from this attraction we decided to find out the mechanism by which Tea Estates are performing their daily operations and converting the unskilled employees into skilled employees and this is only possible by training and development program. 1.3 Conceptual Development Humans are the organizations greater assets; without them, everyday business function such as managing cash flow, making businesses transactions, communicating through all forms of media, and dealing with customers could not be completed. Humans and the potential they possess drive an organization. Todays organizations are continuously changing. Organizational change impacts not only the business but also its employees. In order to maximize organizational effectiveness, human potential individuals capabilities, time and talents must be managed. By studying we tend to know that Human Resource Management works to ensure that employees are able to meet the organizations goals. Human Resource Management is responsible for how people are treated in organizations. It is responsible for bringing people into the organization, helping them perform their work, compensating them for their labors and solving problems that arise. There are seven management functions of a human resources (HR) dep artment that will be specifically addressed: staffing, performance appraisals, compensation and benefits, training and development, employee and labor relations, safety and health, and human resource research. Prior to discussing the seven functions, it is necessary to understand the job analysis. An essential component of any HR unit, no matter the size, is the job analysis, which is completed to determine activities, skills, and knowledge required of an employee for a specific job. The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines. Therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. 1.4 Scope of the report For this study we went to Malnicherra tea Estate and talked to the Assistant manager, staffs and labor. We search on the websites; we also search some books. In this study we tried to find out the training and development program of the garden, recruitment process of the tea garden, the minimum requirements for getting a job in the garden, the amount of wages labors are getting and others factor related to the tea estate. We also tried to find out the method by which the management trained their employees and make them as their desired work force and which kind of problems management faces while arranging these training programs. 1.5 Objective of the report The purpose of this report is to know how human resources are managed in the organization. In Sylhet there are many tea gardens. A huge amount of human resources are involved with these gardens. That is why for our study purpose we have selected the Malnicherra tea garden. Primarily we focused on the training development program undertaken by the garden management. The other objectives of the report are as follows: To know the human resource management operation in the tea garden. To know the problems of the management they are facing with the labor. To know the problems labors are facing with their work. To know any changes or improvements, employees want for their work in the garden. To know whether management is arranging any program to improve the skill of their worker. To know on which basis management select labor for training. To know in which way management arrange training program for their labor. To know whether management is satisfied with the performance of the labor. To know the impact of training and development program. 1.6 Methodology For this study we conducted a survey. We prepared questionnaires for management and labors. We talked with the manager and officers those were available on that time. We also talked with the labors working on the field. We take some help from some books. We also used website for collecting information. 1.7 Data Sources We have used both primary and secondary data for this report. We collected primary data by means of questionnaire and personal interviews. We prepared questionnaires for managers and labors. We talked with the manager and other employees available on the garden. We also talked with labors and asked them several questions to know about their job. Mostly while collecting the data from the labor and employees we focused much on their training and development program arranged for them. For collecting secondary data we have searched websites, some books on human resource management and on tea gardens. Chapter 2: Organizational Profile Malnicherra Tea Estate is a historical tea garden. Malnicherra Tea Estate was first established in 1854 by under the British ownership. The first owner was Mr. Winston a British citizen. He run the state till the 1884. Then he sold the garden to another British citizen named Mr. J.T. Bull in 1884. Mr. J.T. Bull run the organization from 1884-1919. In 1919 he sold the garden to Mr. F. Flurence who holds the garden from 1919-1925. In 1919 Mr. F. Flurence sold it to Mr. J. Mintu. Mr. J. Mintu owned the garden fro 1925-1927. In 1927 Mr. G.P. Stuwart bought the garden from Mr. J. Mintu and owned the garden till 1930. In 1930 Mr. H. Peterson bought the garden from Mr. J.P. Stuwart and owned it till 1951. In 1951 Mr. G.M.C. Brush bought the garden and run under his ownership till 1953. But when the British left this subcontinent then he sold the garden to a Pakistani citizen named Mr. Z. A. Molla. In 1963 another Pakistani citizen named Mr. S. Khan bought the garden from Mr. Z.A. Khan and o wned it till 1968. In 1969 Mr. A. Rahim bought the garden and run it till the 1970. Mr. I. A. Siddiki was the last Pakistani owner of the Malnicherra Tea Estate before the independence of Bangladesh. After the independence of Bangladesh, Malnicherra came under the ownership of Bangladeshi citizens. In 1983 Khondokar Gush got the ownership of the Malnicherra Tea Estate but they were not able to make any improvement of the estate. As a result there raised many problems within the garden and that is why in 1987 Mr. Khondokar Gush decided to sell the garden and at that Mr. Ragib Ali the present owner of Malnicherra Tea Estate came forward to buy the garden. Mr. Ragib Ali with his hard work and intelligence made a huge improvement of the garden and turned it into a A category tea estate. Now at present the total number of tea plants is approximately 9-10 laks and production per hector is 1985 kg. 2.3 Historical Background: Tea Tea Culture Tea is the cheapest, the most popular, refreshing non alcoholic universal drinks. The scientific name of tea is Camellia sinensis. Its about 4000 years ago, tea was first nurtured in china. At the same time it was also started to grown in southeast India. Day by day the use of tea was expanding in the whole world especially in Europe, when the communication was established between the Asia and Europe. Tea was first imported in Europe during the beginning of sixteenth century. Holland was the first country that imported tea in Europe first during the beginning of the sixteenth century. After that the England started to import tea in their country and the time is in between mid and last of the sixteenth century. The first actual written reference to tea may have been in a 5th century B.C. poem entitled the Lament of the discarded wife. In this poem, Confucius referred to a certain type of plant that is now generally referred to be tea. However the first officially confirmed written rec ord of tea, or cha as the Chinese call it, can be found in the biography of a Chinese government officials, who died in 273 A.D. whatever teas origins, the people know that by the 6th century A.D. Tea drinking and Tea cultivation were common place in china. Early tea drinkers used the beverage to cure a wide range of digestive and nervous weakness. A tea poultice was also used to alleviate pain and the swelling of the joints. In some remote areas farmer used to compressed block of tea as currency, a kind of black gold, that could be traded for food and livestock. In 780 A.D. the Chinese government introduces the first tea tax, bearing witness to teas widespread use, not only as a medical remedy but also as refreshing drinks. By this time, tea had spread to Japan where, during the next few centuries, tae drinking evolved into a serene and highly stylish natural, commonly known as the Japanese tea ceremony. Tea didnt reach Europe until 1610, when the Dutch began to import it fro China . When tea first arrived in the Netherlands, it often cost huge money. Hostesses from the best families in Holland had tea parties, where more cups of tea was served to each guest along with cakes and pipes tobacco for smoking. As these ostentatious gatherings, people added sugar and saffron to their tea, while loudly sipping the drink from the saucer. By the late 17th century, tea had become popular in England. Intellectuals, politicians and other members of the upper classes drank tea, which is still expensive, in London coffeehouses. In the early 18th century, Thomas Twining, a coffee houses owner, took advantage of this trend, and opened store that sold tea by weight. This business, Twining of London, survives today and is now managed by Sam twining, a ninth generations member of the family. Thanks in part to this one familys marketing ability; it was not long before English people from all walks of life were drinking their cuppa tea. 2.4 Tea in Bangladesh at a glance No of Tea states Malnicherra is the first tea garden in Sylhet and also first tea garden in Bangladesh. It was established in 1854. At the first time the tea production was not so satisfactory. At the first time the total land area was not so large and that is why the production was not so good. At present there are 125 tea gardens in the Sylhet. Those tea gardens are situated in the three district areas in the greater Sylhet. The establishment year and first tea gardens of those three gardens are in the below. Sylhet (Malnicherra Tea Estate ):1854 Hobigonj (Lalchand Tea Estate): 1860 Moulvibazar (Meertinga Tea Estate): 1860 2.7 Mission Statement of Malnicherra tea Estate Every organization has a specific mission behind its establishment. Malnicherra Tea Estate also has some mission for which it is performing its activities. The mission of Malnicherra Tea Estate are given as under, To create employment for local people. To protect this historical place. To fulfill the demand of tea in Bangladesh. To earn foreign currency by exporting tea. Contribution to the GDP. To enrich the tea industry of Bangladesh. 2.8 Organizational Vision of Malnicherra tea Estate The organizational vision for Malnicherra Tea Estate is very high but achievable. Organizational visions for the next 15 years are listed as under. Now Malnicherra is producing 1985 kg per hector but the management want to produce 3000 kg per hector within the next 10 years. The management of Malnicherra Tea Estate wants to achieve the sustainable market leadership. With the quantity they also want to improve the quality of tea leaves. Create new market for Tea. Create a competent labor force. 2.9 Objective of Malnicherra tea Estate To achieve the organizational vision Malnicherra Tea Estate sets some objectives which are as follows, To achieve the vision the management expects 10-15% development each year. In production they expects 30% growth rate each year. Proper maintenance of tea plant. Bring new place under tea plantation. Introduce new high productive plants. Remove the old plants. Implement new technology in the production. 2.10 Organogram: Malnicherra tea Estate The organizational structure of Malnicherra Tea estate is as follows, In this organization the top level position is occupied by the manager and under his position there lies five assistant managers. Among them two are senior assistant manager and the rests are junior assistant managers. Under every assistant manager there lies the staff and under the staff the next position is the labor leader who leads a group of forty workers. Under the labor leader there exist the general workers and this way line of authority is maintained in Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet. Staff Their primary product is black tea. At present Malnicherra is producing tea on 530 hector land area and their total area of land is 1008.52 hector. At present Malnicherra is producing eight types of finished black tea. They are highlighted as under. With the primary product Malnicherra also producing some other crops by diversifying some land which are not suitable for tea plantation. The diversified products are as under, Rubber Rubber is one of the profitable diversified product for Malnicherra Tea Estate. It is started from 1990. At present 874 acres land is under rubber plantation. Malnicherra is producing 1.5 lacks kgs rubber per year. Jackfruit It is also a kind of diversified crops fro Malnicherra Tea Estate. Now at present there are about 30-40 thousand jackfruit trees on 26.78 hectors land. Fishery Malnicherra also established their fishery project on 3 acres land. This fishery project satisfying the local demands for fish and also earning profit for the garden. Battle nut Now at present there are 1 lack battle nut trees on 10 acres land in Malnicherra Tea Estate. Orange Malnicherra Tea Estate also produces orange within their garden area. Now they have 600 orange plants on 5 acres land area. 2.12 Location of Corporate office 67, Motijeel Commercial Area Dhaka. Chapter 3: HRM aspects of the Organization Introduction (HRD) Human resources of Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet. HRM practices of Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet. 3.1 Introduction Malnicherra Tea Estate is a renowned tea estate in Bangladesh. In Malnicherra there are about 1100 workers are employed in various level. Though Malnicherra manage its huge its employees in the traditional way. In Malnicherra there is no departmental set up for human resource management. But the Manager of the estate A. K. M. Zafr Ullah informally deals with the human resource aspects of the organization. In this case we can say he is responsible for the overall human resource practices of Malnicherra. 3.2 Human resources of Malnicherra Tea Estate Human resources for management level in Malnicherra Tea Estate, Sylhet is as under, Here we will focus on the HRM practices of Malnicherra Tea Estate. To collect data on HRM practices in Malnicherra Tea Estate we talked to the management and employee of the organization. They are described briefly as under, Job analysis In malnicherra the authority also perform the job analysis for various level of job. This practice depends on the position of the job. To collect job analysis information the mainly use the observation method. In this process the manager and assistant manager visit the field and observe the activities of their workers and observe whether any labor waste their time doing other things or not. In collecting the job analysis information the manager listed the duties and responsibilities of his employees and compares his performance with the performance standard. In Malnicherra they observe both the qualitative and quantitative performance of their employees. Recruitment and Selection The minimum qualification for the top and middle level managers is at least graduation. Preference is given to agriculture, botany background. One individual has to be strong and hardworking also. The recruitment process for clerical staff is interview (written and viva). In Malnicherra two types of labors are recruited; permanent and casual. Basically no specific policy we have found and they also take oral interview and the physical fitness. Some times experience is also preferred. It is interesting that in case of lower level labor the management doesnt need to go outside of the garden because they can get the labor from the family of their existing labor. It is a kind of hereditary method. Training and Development The training and development programs are arranged for the management staff. These training and development programs are arranged by PDU (Project Development Unit), BMDC (Bangladesh Management Development Unit), and BTRI (Bangladesh Tea Research Institute) under BTB (Bangladesh Tea Board). The Malnicherra Tea Estate provides both on the job and off the job training to the employees. The middle and top level managers are getting different training and development program and it is in satisfactory level. The employees are getting different types of training program from the PDU, BMDC, and BTRI under BTB. Now the managers receives two years diploma course. The course has been upgraded and before it was a certificate course. But the training and development programs in case of labors are not in satisfactory level. They learn by doing their work. Sometimes vocational training is arranged for the workers but the participation is very low. Performance appraisal In Malnicherra Tea Estate performance appraisal is generally performed on the basis of production capability of labors. In case of labors they are given certain level of production so they have to fulfill that level for ensuring good performance. Their performance also depends on the quality of plucking the tea leaves from the tea plants. The management also provides incentives for the labors who perform well in their job. In the management level performance appraisal is measured by the attentiveness of employees, their behavior, teamwork ability and ability to fulfill their assigned duties and responsibilities. Compensation Package The employees get monthly payment. Besides this they receives residential facilities, profit bonus, festival bonus. They also receive some additional facilities such as education allowances, medical facility, transport facility etc. the workers are paid weekly. The workers wage rate is Tk.30 per day in Malnicherra Tea Estate. Besides this they are getting the following facilities and allowances. The workers get ration at the rate of TK. 1.30 per kg rice. Workers get this on the basis of member, work and age. One worker can get ration for his three dependent. The labors are getting free accommodation in the garden. The children of the workers are getting free education up to primary level. The workers are also getting free medical services. They also get incentives in two major religious festivals. The workers get casual leave, annual leave, sick leave etc. Beside these the workers also get some allowances. Those allowances are highlighted in the below: Factory workers allowances: Factory workers get basic Tk. 1.10 per day. Jugali sardar allowances: Jugali sardar gets basic Tk. 9.50 per day. Risk allowances: A sum of Tk. 2.10 per day is given to the workers as risk allowances for spraying insecticides. Sick leave and sick allowances: A worker get 20 days sick leave with allowances. The worker gets half basic pay plus full D. A. Incentive bonus: The workers get incentive bonus in two equal installments in two major religious festivals. The rates are For daily rated workers: Male: Tk. 500 per annum. Female: Tk. 500 per annum. Adolescent: Tk. 480 per annum. For monthly rated workers: Male: Tk. 615 per annum. Female: Tk. 615 per annum. Retirement allowances: After retirement the workers get retirement allowance. As retirement allowance the monthly rated workers get Tk. 55 and daily rated workers get Tk. 39. Labor relations In Malnicherra the relation between the management and labor is healthy but this is not stable. But the management is very conscious about this factor and they always try to solve any problem by negotiation. There is a labor union within Malnicherra Tea Estate. The management always tried to fulfill the labor demand through discussing matters with the labor union. But still the employees are not satisfied then they can go to the higher level authority. Employee safety and health In Malnicherra the employees are getting the safety facilities both on the job and of the job. On the job they are getting the needed tools to perform their job such as mask, glaps etc and off the job they are getting residential safety, food safety etc. The employees as well as the labors are getting free medical service in the garden. In each garden we have found dispensary with one doctor, nurse, and medical assistances. These dispensaries are providing the primary aid but in case of emergency the authority transfers the patient to M.A.G. Osmany Medical College Sylhet and bears all the cost. Chapter 4: Training Development Program in Malnicherra The selected job description. Development program for the job. 4.1 Selected job description In this section we selected a position in Malnicherra Tea Estate. Here we choose the position of the manager and briefly described his work activities in Malnicherra Tea Estate as a manager. Name of the job holder: Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah. Position: Manager. As a manager the topmost position of the organization Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah has to perform numerous duties and responsibilities. He doesnt have any particular boundary to perform his duties. Here we highlighted some work activities of Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah which he generally performs as a manger. Policy maker: Time to time with the changing situation and needs of the organization organizations requires new policy, rules and regulations and this policies is formulated by the manager. Decision Maker: Any kind of decision major or minor relating to any matters within the organization is made by the manager. Target setter: Every organization has some target and it is selected by the manager in the beginning of the year. In setting the target for Malnicherra Tea Estate he arranged a meeting and discuss with his colleague and staff. Relation developer: He also has to develop the relation between the management and labor within the garden. He also has to maintain a healthy relation with other external parities outside the Malnicherra Tea Estate. Recruit human resource: He also has to forecast the need of human resources in the organization. After that he also has to make plan for hiring new employee or not. Budget maker: Every year Malnicherra prepared an income expenditure budget for a year. This budget is prepared under the supervision of the manager. Monitor overall activities: The manager also has to monitor the overall performance of his stuffs and labors. He has to coordinate overall activities of the garden to meet the goal. Field work: Beside the administrative job he also regularly visits various spots of the garden and monitors the activities of the workers and the development progress of the garden. Motivate employees: This is one of the most important tasks for a manger. As a manager he also has to motivate his employees to give their best for the success of the organization. To do so he has to take various approaches. Action programs: As a manager Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah also has to make the action programs for the estate throughout the whole year. The success of the organization depends on this action programs. 4.2 Development program for the job In our study we have explored the duties and responsibilities of the manager of Malnicherra Tea Estate. Now we will focus on the development program arranged by the garden for this position. In the tea estates this development program are generally arranged by the Project Development Unit (PDU), Bangladesh Management Development Council (BMDC) and Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) under Bangladesh Tea Board (BTB). In the development program for managerial level they generally use the off the job training method to develop the skill of the manager. In off the job training method the manager get several kinds of development programs. Off the job training programs includes, University related program. Seminars. Views Sharing. Case Study. Selection method for development program To select candidates for the development program the respective institutions such as Project Development Unit (PDU), British DHD observe the performance standard of the managers and then arrange face to face interview. After the interview they take IQ test of the manager then they select some candidates for the development programs who met their desired standard. Methods of development program In the development program various institutions arrange several types of programs for the managers of tea estate. They are briefly describes as under, University related program In this type of program the respective institution arrange various university related diploma course and send the managers to the university to complete the course. In Malnicherra BMDC arrange this kind of university related program. The cost is also beard by the garden. Mr. A. K. M. Zafr Ullah the manager of Malnicherra Tea estate also attended a two years diploma course on Tea Estate Management from a university in USA. This diploma course helps him to develop his skill on labor relation, labor act, labor law implementation, responsibility allocation, recruitment of labors etc. Seminars PDU, BMDC etc institutions also arrange seminar program for the managers. These kinds of seminars also develop the views of managers. These are arranged often throughout the year. On this seminar the managers get knowledge about the new labor laws, technology, diseases etc. So this seminar helps them to take decisions in their garden. In this kind of seminars the managers can also express their views about any particular matters. Views sharing In this method the managers get the chance to share their views with others coming from various tea estates inside and outside the country. It helps the managers to get knowledge about new problems and affairs. Here the development institutions arrange visiting program for the manger to other country or estate to

Underprotective and Overactive Pain Perception: Problems and Possible Solutions :: Biology Biological Pain Papers

Underprotective and Overactive Pain Perception: Problems and Possible Solutions Pain is probably one of the most universal perceptions that humans, or indeed any animal, can experience. From stress headaches to stubbing one's toe, we come into contact with pain on a daily basis. This is normal data about the experience of pain. However, there are several groups of people that do not feel pain in a common way. Either they don't feel enough pain to tell them that something is wrong, as in the cases of lepers and some diabetics, or they have too much pain, as in the cases of some diabetics, people with phantom limb pain, cancer victims, stroke victims, and other diseases of the brain or spinal cord (Casey, 1996). The effects of pain on these people is in many cases debilitating; their normal lives are likely gone or, at best, on hiatus. These reasons are incentive enough for scientists trying to discover more ways to eradicate wanton pain (or the absence of pain) because there is a threat that many of us, at some point, will be subject to these same problems. The first case of underprotective pain perception that will be discussed is that of leprosy. Leprosy is a bacterial pathogen (M. leprae) that attacks the peripherial nervous system in humans and is the leading cause of peripheral nerve disease in the world. The bacteria attack the Scwann cells that form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers. Without the protection and insulation of the myelin sheath, nerve cells fire inefficiently. The net results of this bacterial infection are skin lesions and damage to the nerves, mainly in the extremities and facial area (Henderson, 1998) . The result of the nerve damage that is pertinant to this topic is the loss of sensation. This lack of feeling complicates normal living: the person with leprosy is not able to identify cuts or burns on his or her skin. Without the protection of normal pain responses, this person could conceivably fail to notice for quite some time that he has been injured and therefore not take further conscious protective measures such as cleaning the cut with alcohol or treating the burn with salve. The effects of this lack of protective sensation are grim: lesions and eventual deformities result from the lack of care given to the body. Although luckily the bacteria can be killed with a month-long course of several drugs, unfortunately the nerve damage is permanent (Henderson, 1998).

Nightmare on Elm Street Essay

Nightmare on Elm Street 10 genre is horror he’s centralized looking down not facing the audience or giving eye contact gives a feeling of unease to the PTA as we don’t know who the person or creature is so it causes ambiguity in the audience’s eyes. Binary oppositions of dark and light so could connote good versus evil it goes darker towards the bottom title is written in red connotes blood the colours of red browns and blacks are typical of the horror genre connotes death, fear, scary he is also holding a sharp knife with the lighting showing the edge of the knife which is used to show it hasn’t been used yet so who is the attackers new victim going to be? The title in red represents the colour of blood and inevitable death some of the letters on nightmare are fogged over meaning its conspicuous and something isn’t right it creates an enigma in the primary target audience’s eyes. Freddie Kruger is foregrounded in the image so he is more important than the layout of the text the clothes on the killer are worn which would connote he is old and aged the film typography is very similar to the film layout used in devils rejects its contextual with that film The poster ‘welcome to your new nightmare’ it’s directly talking to the audience and emphasizes the word new so the audience would infer what ‘new nightmare am I having nightmares already’? He is clasping his hands tightly showing that he is ready to kill. The connotations from this poster show deeper meaning. A part used in the mis-en-scene in this poster that shows this is the lighting, the poster is dominated by dim low lighting which gives a dim creepy like feel, also Freddie is bowing his head covering half his face with the his, gives an air of mystery, which may have the audience thinking, ‘what lengths will he go to’?. There is also a white light that is shining from behind him which represents hope and peace but in this setting could connote that death is near, as it’s said that people near death experience following the white light, with Kruger being in front of the light this could connote that he will be with them in death so that they will never have peace from him. The Iconic claw is also emphasized by a little lighting giving the effect that it is glistening, which suggests the claw is a sharp clean weapon that is waiting to be used this effect is used to help make the claw a main focus of the poster. Freddie is also clutching his hands which show that he is ready to attack but the mystery is he is only showing one claw, what else does he have as weapons? The main text used is a type of Serif Fonts this gives the poster and aged feel, although the rest of the poster is quite modern, this may suggest remake of the classic Nightmare on Elm Street. The poster is trying to sell something other than star qualities to get the viewers to watch this film and instead they are enticing peoples natural curiosities which surround horror films, an example being where common in horror films is the main protagonist curiosity leads them into danger when they should of ran. The tag line on this poster â€Å"welcome to your new nightmare† is more of a very brief description of the film and therefore contrasts with other movie posters in the since they don’t use this space to show the viewer of the poster other peoples praise of the film to encourage people to watch this film, the tag line itself suggests this is a film to scare people this is stated in the tag line â€Å"nightmare† the colour of the font is a dark grey talking of dreams and using dark colours emphasizes these will be dark dreams which fits with the plot of the film.

Disable Task Manager Essays

Disable Task Manager Essays Disable Task Manager Essay Disable Task Manager Essay Enable Registry Editor Using Group Policy Editor 1. Click on Start. Go to Run. Users running Windows 8, Windows 7 or Vista, go to Search. 2. Type gpedit. msc and press Enter. 3. Navigate to User Configuration/ Administrative Templates / System. 4. In the work area, double click on Prevent Access to registry editing tools. 5. In the popup window, encircle Disabled and click on OK. 6. Normally, Registry Editor will be immediately accessible. If it is not, restart your PC.Enable Task Manager from Registry in Windows 8, 7, XP or Vista Registry Editor is an inbuilt Windows tool that is used to modify registry keys which tell Windows how it should work. A simple registry modification can be used to bypass the Task Manager block. To do so, just follow the steps:- 1. Click on Start. Go to Run. If you use Windows 8, Windows 7 or Windows Vista, go to Search. 2. Type regedit and press Enter. Registry Editor will start. If Registry Editor is also disabled, you will first need to enable registry editing. . Through the left hand navigation pane, navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoft Windows Current VersionPoliciesSystem. If the System key is not there, you will need to create it. 4. In the work area, locate DisableTaskMgr. If this value is not there, you will need to create a new DWORD value called DisableTaskMgr. Double click on it. A window will pop up. 5. Enter its value data as 0 and press OK. 6. Close Registry Editor. If Task Manager is still disabled, restart your computer.

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Review

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Review The Old Man and the Sea was a big success for Ernest Hemingway when it was published in 1952. At first glance, the story appears to be a simple tale of an old Cuban fisherman who catches an enormous fish, only to lose it. Theres much more to the  story a tale of  bravery and heroism, of one mans struggle against his own doubts, the elements, a massive fish, sharks and even his desire to give up. The old man eventually succeeds, then fails, and then wins again. Its the story of perseverance and the machismo of the old man against the elements. This slim novella its only 127 pages   helped to revive Hemingways reputation as a writer, winning him great acclaim, including the Nobel Prize for literature.   Overview Santiago is an old man and a fisherman who has gone for months without catching a fish. Many are starting to doubt his abilities as an angler. Even his apprentice, Manolin, has abandoned him and gone to work for a more prosperous boat. The old man sets out to the open sea one day off the Florida coast and goes a little farther out than he normally would in his desperation to catch a fish. Sure enough, at noon, a big marlin takes hold of one of the lines, but the fish is far too big for Santiago to handle. To avoid letting the fish escape, Santiago lets the line go slack so that the fish wont break his pole; but he and his boat are dragged out to sea for three days. A kind of kinship and honor  develop between the fish and the man.  Finally, the fish an enormous and worthy opponent grows tired, and Santiago kills it. This victory does not end Santiagos journey; he is still far out to sea. Santiago has to drag the marlin behind the boat, and the blood from the dead fish attracts sharks.Santiago does his best to fend off the sharks, but his efforts are in vain. The sharks eat the flesh of the marlin, and Santiago is left with only the bones. Santiago gets back to shore weary and tired with nothing to show for his pains but the skeletal remains of a large marlin. Even with just the bare remains of the fish, the experience has changed him  and altered the perception others have of him. Manolin wakes the old man the morning after his return and suggests that they once again fish t ogether. Life and Death During his struggle to catch the fish, Santiago holds on to the rope even though he is cut and bruised by it, even though he wants to sleep and eat. He holds onto the rope as though his life depends on it. In these scenes of struggle, Hemingway brings to the fore the power and masculinity of a simple man in a simple habitat. He demonstrates how heroism is possible in even the most seemingly mundane circumstances. Hemingways novella shows how death can invigorate life, how killing and death can bring a man to an understanding of his own mortality and his own power to overcome it.  Hemingway  writes of a time when fishing was not merely a business or a sport. Instead, fishing was an expression of humankind in its natural state in tune with nature. Enormous stamina and power  arose  in the breast of Santiago. The simple fisherman became a classical hero in his epic struggle.

The experience of child-soldiers upon their return in the local Essay - 1

The experience of child-soldiers upon their return in the local communities (Nepal case) - Essay Example Demobilisation is the withdrawal of soldiers from armed groups, and reintegration implies the return of soldiers to civilian life. Reintegration is usually viewed to be an indefinite economic and social mechanism that occurs in communities locally (Wessells, 2006). This essay analyses the experience of child soldiers in Nepal upon their return in the local communities. The first section explains the social and psychological issues of redistributed child soldiers, followed by an analysis of the initiatives taken by the Nepal government and other organisations to help in the process. And the final section presents suggestions for possible alternative approaches. The United Nations considers the return of child soldiers in their local communities a complicated, continuous process that necessitates substantial resources. The urgent task is finding the families of the child soldiers in order to bring them back to their families and communities (Kuper, 1997). Although this may seem easy, it is often filled with difficulties. In numerous cases, the families and communities may have been severely damaged by war, are in dismal financial condition, and cannot take care of or support returning combatants. According to Gates (2010), even though it is at t imes claimed that child soldiers must be capable of regaining their ‘lost childhood,’ this is practically unattainable. The Maoists’ practice of enlisting children for combat or military assistance is one of the most troubling realities of the civil war in Nepal. The Maoists have exploited various methods for recruiting children (e.g. use of misleading campaigns, kidnapping of children) (Aryal, 2011). At the peak of the civil war, in territories strongly ruled by Maoists, the rebels enforced a ‘one family, one child’ policy in which every family had to offer a recruit or suffer serious punishment (Human Rights Watch, 2007, p. 5). The

BIOGRAPHY ON THOMAS JEFFERSON, INCLUDE HIS WRITINGS Term Paper

BIOGRAPHY ON THOMAS JEFFERSON, INCLUDE HIS WRITINGS - Term Paper Example He wanted to be remembered for the things people owed to him. His tombstone, which he designed for himself, read,† Here was buried author of declaration of American Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious Freedom, and father of university of Virginia, Born April 2, 1743 O.S. Died July 4. 1826†, (Irelan,1888). Though, historians wanted to attach other triumphs as well, such as his expertise in linguistics, his distinction as an architect and an environmentalist, but readers of his life are well concurred with his own assessment.(Risjord,1994). MAJOR IDEAS: Thomas Jefferson promoted many philosophical theories such as natural rights, constitutionalism, which automatically leads to justice and democracy. He was a person who believed in equitable distribution of land. One of the major ideas of Jefferson were emphasizing on education’s importance in democracy. He extended the structure of educational system to four stages i.e., elementary school, grammar school, universities and lifelong learning. Jefferson was always known for his huge collection of books throughout the history. When the British burned the Library of Congress during the war in 1812, Jefferson was offered $23,950 for his 6000 volume library, which he agreed upon and sold. His uncountable efforts towards the development of educational sector are commendable. In 1819, he pressurized the Virginia legislature to employ a commission for the need of a university in the state. In 1825, University of Virginia was located in Charlottesville and accepted its first set of students in the year 1826. Thomas Jefferson took great pains for the establishment of University of Virginia. He not only designed the building and the whole campus himself, but also developed the syllabus and hired competent educationist at that time. He also coined the term aristocracy of merit, which signifies the importance of certain group of people who have unique tendencies. According to this, rewards are allocated to the best or those who have talents can rule the world.(Demille, ) Unfortunately, Jefferson’s view of education was limited to the Whites of the society. He also preached about the equality among human beings although he was one of the largest slaveholder, so apparently he excluded blacks or at least his own slaves from the territory of being considered as a human (Massner, 2008) He held an opinion that the states legislature should be the most powerful area due to this he was interested in writing the constitution of the state. EARLY LIFE Albemarle County Virginia, which was then called, Shadwell, was Jefferson’s birth place. He was born on 2nd April in the year of 1743. Thomas was Peter Jefferson and Jane Rudolph’s third child and eldest of the three sons. From Peter he inherited his energetic body and a love of mathematical subjects and a mind to formulate new ways of success and independence. After Peter’s death, Thomas was left with 5 acres of land and an established position and respect in the community (Malone, 1993). Due to his father’s inclination towards education, he had an opportunity of getting an excellent tutoring. He went to boarding schools and thus, excelled in languages. He took classes in William and Mary College at the age of seventeen in Virginia, where his majors were mathematics, science, philosophy, literature, rhetoric. He went to study law when